Effect of the availability of economic resources on cognitive functions and social preferences
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i1.2080Keywords:
economic resources, cognitive function, social decision making, experimentAbstract
The objective of this research was to analyze experimentally the effect of the availability of economic resources on cognitive functions and social preferences in university students. A study with inter-subject experimental design was conducted. 60 university students participated. The performance of participants exposed to conditions of high and low economic resources in tasks of cognitive performance (fluid intelligence and inhibitory control) and social preferences (Ultimatum Game, with offers of different degrees of justice). In general, the results showed that there were no significant differences between the participants of the conditions of low and high economic resources in cognitive functions and social preferences. In contrast, there were differences according to sex in the cognitive domain. The results are discussed in light of previous research and the main limitations are recognized.
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References
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Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
Plaisted, K., Bell, S., & Mackintosh, NJ. (2011). The role of mathematical skill in sex differences on Raven’s Matrices. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 562- 565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.005
Raven, J. C. (2016). Test de Matrices Progresivas. Escala avanzada. Argentina: PAIDÓS
Reyna, C. E., Belaus, A., Mola, D., Ortiz, M. V., & Acosta, C. (2018). Social Values Orientation Measure Scale: Evidences of validity and reliability among Argentine undergraduate students. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 25(3), 1-14.
Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2002). Sex differences in the ultimatum game: An evolutionary psychology perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 3, 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020583425623
Shah, K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science 338, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426
Spears, D. (2010). Economic decision-making in poverty depletes cognitive control. CEPS. Working Paper, N° 213. Recuperado de https://www.princeton.edu/gceps/workingpapers/213spears.pdf
Victor, B., Fischer, E., Cooil, B., Vergara, A., Mukolo, A., & Blevins, M. (2013). Frustrated freedom: The effects of agency and wealth on wellbeing in rural Mozambique. World Development, 47, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.005
Vohs, K., Mead, N., & Goode, M. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 11-54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491
Xiang, T., Lohrenz, T., & Read Montague, P. (2013). Computational substrates of norms and their violations during social exchange. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(3), 1099 –1108. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1642-12.2013
American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. APA: Washington, DC.
Andrade, E., & Ariely, D. (2009). The enduring impact of transient emotions on decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.02.003
Correa, P., & Reyna, C. E. (Octubre, 2017). Efectividad de las manipulaciones experimentales para las condiciones de pobreza y riqueza en estudiantes universitarios. Trabajo presentado en la XXV Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores del grupo AUGM, Paraguay.
Baroun, K., & Alansari, B. (2006). Gender differences in performance on the Stroop test. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.3.309
Belaus, A., Reyna, C. E., & Freidin, E. (2018). Testing the effect of cooperative/competitive priming on the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Two attempts to replicate. Plos One, 13(12), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209263
Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., Klein, O., Claassen, A., & Wood, R. (2016). Poverty, inequality and increased consumption of high calorie food: Experimental evidence for a causal link. Appetite, 100, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.028
Camerer, C., & Fehr, H. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using
experimental games: A guide for social scientists. En Henrich., Boyd., Bowles., Camerer., Fehr., Gintis., & McElreath (Eds.), Foundations of Human Sociality Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies (pp. 55-95). Nueva York: Oxford university press.
Código de Ética de la Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina (1999/2013). Recuperado de: http://fepra.org.ar/docs/acerca_fepra/codigo_de_etica_nacional_2013.pdf
Código de Ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de la provincia de Córdoba (2016). Recuperado de: https://www.cppc.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CODIGO-DE-E%CC%81TICA-2016.pdf
Cohen, S., Doyle, W., & Baum, A. (2006). Socioeconomic status is associated with stress hormones. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000221236.37158.b9
Davidson, M., Amso, M., Anderson, L., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologya, 44, 2037-2078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006
Dean, E., Schilbach, F., & Schofield, H. (2017). Poverty and cognitive function. En Barrett, Carter, & Chavas (Eds), The Economics of Asset Accumulation and Poverty Traps. United States: Chicago university press.
Ding, Y., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, X., & Van Lange, P. (2017). The rich are easily offended by unfairness: wealth triggers spiteful rejection of unfair offers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.008
Forgas, J., & Tan, H. (2013). To give or to keep? Affective influences on selfishness and fairness in computer-mediated interactions in the dictator game and the ultimatum game. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.017
García-Gallego, A., Georgantzís, N., & Jaramillo-Gutiérrez, A. (2012). Gender differences in ultimatum games: Despite rather than due to risk attitudes. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.012
Graves, V. (2015). Does poverty really impede cognitive function? Experimental evidence from tanzanian fishers (Tesis de maestría inédita). University of San Francisco, Estados Unidos.
Grigorieff, A., Haushofer, J., & Roth, C. (2015). Poverty and social capital: Pre-analysis plan. Recuperado de: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/813
Hjelm, L., Handa, S., De Hoop, J., Palermo, T., & Zambia C.G.P. (2017). Poverty and perceived stress: Evidence from two unconditional cash transfer programs in Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 177, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.023
Hu, J., Cao, Y., Blue, P. R., & Zhou, X. (2014). Low social status decreases the neural salience of unfairness. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00402
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2018). Condiciones de vida. Incidencia de la pobreza y la indigencia en 31 aglomerados urbanos. Segundo semestre de 2017. (INDEC publicación núm. 12). Recuperado de: https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/eph_pobreza_01_18.pdf
Karagonlar, G., & Kuhlman, D. (2012). The role of social value orientation in response to an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120, 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.006
Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1376-1388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211410987
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341, 976-980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
Martínez, L., Zeelenberg, M., & Rijsman, J. (2011). Behavioural consequences of regret and disappointment in social bargaining games. Cognition & Emotion, 25(2), 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.485889
Mola, D., Godoy, J., & Reyna, C. E. (2018). Does social status matter for resource distribution? Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 22(2), 84-98. http://www.doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2019.22.2.5
Murphy, R., Ackermann, K., & Handgraaf, M. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8), 771–781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1804189
Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
Plaisted, K., Bell, S., & Mackintosh, NJ. (2011). The role of mathematical skill in sex differences on Raven’s Matrices. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 562- 565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.005
Raven, J. C. (2016). Test de Matrices Progresivas. Escala avanzada. Argentina: PAIDÓS
Reyna, C. E., Belaus, A., Mola, D., Ortiz, M. V., & Acosta, C. (2018). Social Values Orientation Measure Scale: Evidences of validity and reliability among Argentine undergraduate students. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 25(3), 1-14.
Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2002). Sex differences in the ultimatum game: An evolutionary psychology perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 3, 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020583425623
Shah, K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science 338, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426
Spears, D. (2010). Economic decision-making in poverty depletes cognitive control. CEPS. Working Paper, N° 213. Recuperado de https://www.princeton.edu/gceps/workingpapers/213spears.pdf
Victor, B., Fischer, E., Cooil, B., Vergara, A., Mukolo, A., & Blevins, M. (2013). Frustrated freedom: The effects of agency and wealth on wellbeing in rural Mozambique. World Development, 47, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.005
Vohs, K., Mead, N., & Goode, M. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 11-54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491
Xiang, T., Lohrenz, T., & Read Montague, P. (2013). Computational substrates of norms and their violations during social exchange. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(3), 1099 –1108. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1642-12.2013
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2020-03-19
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Correa, P. S. ., Mola, D. J. ., & Reyna, C. . (2020). Effect of the availability of economic resources on cognitive functions and social preferences. Ciencias Psicológicas, 14(1), e-2080. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i1.2080
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