CEREBRO Y DISLEXIA: UNA REVISIÓN
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v3i2.154Palabras clave:
Dislexia, gyrus angularis, gyrus fusiforme, cerebelo, procesamiento fonológicoResumen
No hay un área genéticamente predeterminada para la escritura, la alfabetización impacta sobre regiones cerebrales preadaptadas para otras funciones cognitivas. Las dislexias, que poseen una base genética bien documentada, están condicionadas por anomalías madurativas de la corteza en las regiones necesarias para obtener un adecuado emparejamiento entre representaciones ortográficas y representaciones fonológicas. Habría un circuito hemisférico izquierdo posterior con un componente ventral occípito-temporal vinculado a la discriminación visual rápida de ortógrafos, y un componente dorsal témporo-parietal donde se implementa el emparejamiento más laborioso entre representaciones fonológicas (léxicas y subléxicas) y ortográficas (grafémicas y ortográfi cas). La alteración en estos circuitos posteriores es específica de la dislexia. El circuito anterior, centrado por la circunvolución frontal inferior izquierda, está asociado al esfuerzo lector, cuando requiere de la recodifi cación fonoarticulatoria. Se han hallado además perturbaciones a nivel magnocelular (dificultades en la discriminación de secuencias temporales rápidas visuales y auditivas), y cerebeloso (capacidad de asociación rápida, de aprendizaje procedural de asociaciones). Sin embargo, constituyen hasta ahora fenómenos inconstantes y de insegura interpretación. Para una adecuada comprensión de los casos con dislexia, sin embargo, debe considerarse la serie de comorbilidades que con frecuencia se encuentra y que constituyen indicadores de un toque encefálico más extenso.
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