Autonomía Universitaria en el Siglo XXI: nuevas formas de legitimidad ante las transformaciones del Estado y la Sociedad. University Autonomy in the Twenty-first Century: New Forms of Legitimation Under the Changes of State and Society.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/pe.v7i2.505Palabras clave:
autonomía universitaria, universidad educación superior, gobierno universitario, libertad académica, university autonomy, university, higher education, university government, academic freedomResumen
Resumen. En este artículo voy a señalar qué es y para qué sirve la autonomía universitaria, además de postular y argumentar la relación estrecha que existe entre autonomía y legitimidad del gobierno universitario. En primer lugar, voy a reiterar la noción elemental de que la autonomía existe principalmente para proteger la libertad académica y por lo tanto merece protección porque es esencial para que la universidad entregue a la sociedad el servicio que le es propio: descubrir y comunicar el conocimiento de las ciencias, las artes y las humanidades. En segundo lugar, voy a afirmar que, como todo gobierno, el de la universidad requiere de legitimidad para sostenerse y esa legitimidad no puede desatender la aptitud del gobierno universitario para conducir a la universidad hacia el cumplimiento de su misión. Autonomía y forma de gobierno están al servicio de un bien mayor, a saber, el cumplimiento por la universidad de la función social que la distingue como institución.
Abstract. In this article I will define what university autonomy is, and will discuss the close relationship between university autonomy and legitimacy of university government. First, I will go over the elementary notion that autonomy exists mainly to protect academic freedom and therefore deserves protection since it is essential for the university delivering to society its own service: discover and convey knowledge on sciences, arts and humanities. Secondly, I will say that, as any government, the university requires of such a legitimacy which should not disregard the university government ability to lead it towards the fulfillment of its mission. Both autonomy and university government exist for the fulfillment of a greater aim, namely, compliance by the university of the social function that distinguishes it as an institution.
Descargas
Citas
Abruña, Antonio, Víctor Baca y Álvaro Zegarra. “Algunas ideas para el estudio de la autonomía universitaria en el ordenamiento peruano” en Revista de Derecho (Universidad de Piura), vol.1, 2000, pp 9-57.
Altbach, Philip, Robert Berdahl y Patricia Gumport (eds.) American Higher Education in the 21st Century: Social, Political, and Economic Challenges. Third Edition. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
Atria, Raúl y Hernán Courard. “Participación, gestión y gobierno en las universidades chilenas” en Atria, Raúl y Hernán Courard (eds.) Participación, gestión y gobierno en las universidades estatales. Santiago, CPU, 2000, pp.11-30.
American Association of University Proffesors. “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure with 1970 Interpretive Comments”. 2006. Disponible en http://www.aaup.org/file/principles-academic-freedom-tenure.pdf [Accedido en octubre de 2014]
Balán, Jorge. “Reforming Higher Education in Latin America. Policy and Practice” en Latin American Research Review vol.41, n.2, 2006, pp.228-46.
Baschung, Lukas, Gaëlle Goastellec y Jean-Phillipe Leresche. “Universities’ Autonomy in Times of Changing Higher Education Governance: A study of the Swiss academic labour market” en Tertiary Education and Management, vol.17, n.1, 2011, pp.51-64.
Bernasconi, Andrés. “Government and University Autonomy: The Governance Structure of Latin American Public Institutions” en Balán, Jorge (ed.) Latin America’s New Knowledge Economy: Higher Education, Government, and International Collaboration. New York: Institute for International Education, 2013.
---. “Is there a Latin American model of the university?” en Comparative Education Review vol.52, n.1, 2008, pp.27-52.
---. “Are There Research Universities in Chile?” en Altbach, Phillip y Balán, Jorge (eds.) World Class Worldwide. Transforming Research Universities in Asia and Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.
Bleiklie, Ivar y Maurice Kogan. “Organization and Governance of Universities” en Higher Education Policy vol.20, 2007, pp. 477-93.
Boffo, Stefano, Pierre Dubois y Roberto Moscati. “Changes in University Governance in France and in Italy” en Tertiary Education and Management, vol.14, n.1, 2008, pp.13-26.
Brown, Roger. “What Do We Do About University Governance?” en Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education, vol.15, n.3, 2011, pp.87-91.
Brunner, José Joaquín. “Gobernanza universitaria: tipología, dinámicas y tendencias” en Revista de Educación vol.355, 2011, pp.137-59.
---. 1990. “Gobierno universitario: elementos históricos, mitos distorsionadores y experiencia internacional” en Cox, Cristián (ed.) Formas de gobierno en la educación superior: nuevas perspectivas. Santiago: FLACSO, pp.29-50.
Cai, Yuzhuo. “Global Isomorphism and Governance Reform in Chinese Higher Education” en Tertiary Education and Management, vol.16, n.3, 2010, pp. 229–41.
Capano, Gilberto. “Government Continues to do its Job: A Comparative Study of Governance Shifts in the Higher Education Sector” en Public Administration, vol.89, n.4, 2011, pp.1622-42.
Carnegie, Garry D. y Jacqueline Tuck, J. “Understanding the ABC of University Governance” en The Australian Journal of Public Administration, vol.69, n.4, 2010, pp.431-41.
Castro, Claudio de Moura y Daniel C. Levy. Myth, Reality and Reform. Higher Education Policy in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, 2000.
Christensen, Tom. “University Governance Reforms: Potential Problems of More Autonomy?” en Higher Education, vol.62, n.4, 2011, pp.503-17.
CINDA (Centro Interuniversitario de Desarrollo). Disponible en http://www.cinda.cl/informes-por-pais-educacion-superior-en-iberoamerica-2011/ [Accedido en noviembre de 2014].
Clark, William. Academic Charisma and the Origins of the Research University. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.
Collis, David. J. “The Paradox of Scope. A Challenge to the Governance of Higher Education” en Tierney, William G. (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Cox, Cristian (ed). Formas de gobierno en la educación superior: nuevas perspectivas. Santiago: FLACSO, 1990.
Cox, Cristian y Hernán Courard. “Autoridades y Gobierno en la Universidad chilena 1950-1989. Categorías y Desarrollo Histórico”, en Cox, Cristian (ed.). Formas de Gobierno en la Educación Superior: Nuevas Perspectivas. Santiago de Chile, FLACSO, 1990.
De Boer, Harry y Jon File. Higher Education governance reforms across Europe. Bruselas: European Centre for Strategic Management of Universities, 2009.
Dobbins, Michael, Christoph Knill y Eva Vögtle. “An Analytical Framework for the Cross-country Comparison of Higher Education Governance” en Higher Education, vol.62, n.5, 2011, pp.665-83.
Dowling-Hetherington, Linda (2013). “Decision-Making Processes and the Consequences for Faculty Participation in Ireland” en Tertiary Education and Management, vol.19, n.3, 2013, pp.219-32.
Duderstadt, James J. “Governing the Twenty-first-century University: A View from the Bridge” en Tierney, William G. (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Fielden, John. Global Trends in University Governance. Education Working Paper Series N° 9. Washington, D.C: The World Bank, 2008.
Hamilton, Neil W. “Faculty Involvement in System-wide Governance” en Tierney G., William (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Hasan, Abrar. Independent Legal Status and Universities as Foundations. Paris: UNESCO, 2007.
International Association of Universities. “IAU Police Statement: Academic Freedom, University Autonomy and Social Responsibility” Disponible en http://www.iauiu.net/sites/all/files/Academic_Freedom_Policy_Statement.pdf [Accedido en noviembre de 2014]
Keller, George. “A Growing Quaintness: Traditional Governance in the Markedly New Realm of US Higher Education” en Tierney, William G. (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Kinser, Kevin, Daniel C. Levy, Juan Carlos Silas Casillas, Andrés Bernasconi, et al. ASHE Higher Education Report Special Issue: The Global Growth of Private Higher Education, vol.36, n.3. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Kogan, Maurice, Marianne Bauer, Ivar Bleiklie y Mary Henkel. Transforming Higher Education. A Comparative Study. Londres: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2000.
Goldfinch, Shaun. “Rituals of Reform, Policy Transfer, and the National University Corporation Reforms of Japan” en Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, vol. 19, n.4, 2006, pp.585-604.
Larsen, Ingvild, Peter Maassen y Bjørn Stensaker. “Four Basic Dilemmas in University Governance Reform” en Journal of the Programme on Institutional Management in Higher Education, vol.21, n.3, 2009, pp.41- 59.
Levy, Daniel C. Higher Education and the State in Latin America: Private Challenges to Public Dominance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.
Maassen, Peter, Eli Moen y Bjorn Stensaker. “Reforming Higher Education in the Netherlands and Norway: the Role of the State and National Modes of Governance” en Policy Studies, 2011, vol.32, n.5, pp.479-95.
Marginson, Simon. “Going Global: Governance Implications of Cross-Border Traffic in Higher Education” en Tierney, William G. (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Meléndez Guerrero, Miguel Ángel, Pedro Solís Pérez y José G. Ignacio Gómez Romero. Gobernanza y gestión de la universidad pública en Revista de Ciencias Sociales, vol.16, n.2, 2010, pp.210-25.
Mok, Ka Ho. “When State Centralism Meets Neo-liberalism: Managing University Governance Change in Singapore and Malaysia” en Higher Education, vol.60, n.4, 2010, pp.419-40.
Olsen, Johan P. “Democratic Government, Institutional Autonomy and the Dynamics of Change” en
West European Politics, vol.32, n.3, 2009, pp.439-65.
---. “The institutional dynamics of the European University” en Maassen, Peter y Johan Olsen (eds.) University Dynamics and European Integration. Dordrecht: Springer, 2007.
Ordorika, Imanol. “Reform at Mexico's National Autonomous University: Hegemony or Bureaucracy” en Higher Education, vol.31, 1996, pp.403-27.
Paradeise, Catherine, Emanuela Reale, Ivar Bleiklie y Ewan Ferlie. University governance: Western European perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009.
Rowlands, Julie. “Turning Collegial Governance on its Head: Symbolic Violence, Hegemony and the Academic Board” en British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2014. DOI:10.1080/ 01425692.2014.883916.
---. “Academic Boards: Less Intellectual and More Academic Capital in Higher Education Governance? Studies in Higher Education, vol.38, n.9, 2013, pp.1274-289.
Rytmeister, Catherine. “Governing University Strategy: Perceptions and Practice of Governance and Management Roles” en Tertiary Education and Management, vol.15, n.2, 2009, pp.137-56.
Shattock, Michael. “University Governance, Leadership and Management in a Decade of Diversification and Uncertainty” en Higher Education Quarterly vol.67, n.3, 2013, pp.217-33.
---. “University Governance, An Issue For Our Time” en Perspectives. Policy and Practice in Higher Education, vol.16, n.2, 2012, pp.56-61.
Sporn, Barbara. “Governance and Administration: Organizational and Structural Trends” en Altbach, Philip y James J. Forest (eds.) International Handbook of Higher Education. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 2006.
Tierney, William G. “A Perfect Storm: Turbulence in Higher Education” en Terney, William G. (ed.) Competing Conceptions of Academic Governance. Negotiating the Perfect Storm. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004.
Trakman, Leon. “Modelling University Governance” en Higher Education Quarterly, vol.62, n.1-2, 2008, pp.63-83.
Unión de Universidades de América Latina. “Foro La Autonomía Universitaria Hoy: Experiencias y Desafíos en América Latina”. 2011. Disponible en http://www.udual.udg.mx/conclusiones/UDUAL%20%20DECLARACION%20DE%20GUADALAJARA%20%20Mayo%202011.pdf [Disponible en noviembre de 2015]
Uphoff, Norman (1989). “Distinguishing Power, Authority & Legitimacy: Taking Max Weber at His Word by Using Resources-Exchange Analysis” en Polity, vol. 22, n.2, pp.295-322.
Van Aken, Mark J. “University Reform before Cordoba” en The Hispanic American Historical Review, vol.51, n.3, 1971, pp.447-62.
Weber, Max. Economy and Society. Guenther Roth y Claus Wittich (eds.) Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.
Zürn, Michael and Matthew Stephen, M. (2010), “The View of Old and New Powers on the Legitimacy of International Institutions” en Politics, vol. 30, 2010, pp. 91-101. Disponible en http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2010.01388.x/full [Accedido en noviembre de 2014]
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
