Bem-estar espiritual e sua influência no perdão, gratidão e resiliência em estudantes universitários de Lima (Peru)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v18i2.3833Palavras-chave:
bem-estar espiritual, perdão, gratidão, resiliência, universitários, Psicologia PositivaResumo
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a influência do bem-estar espiritual na gratidão, perdão e resiliência em estudantes universitários da cidade de Lima. Foi utilizado um desenho explicativo com variáveis latentes. A amostra foi composta por 957 estudantes universitários (29,5 % homens e 70,5 % mulheres) de 13 universidades (22,36 % públicas e 77,64 % privadas) de Lima Metropolitana. Foram utilizadas a Escala de Bem-Estar Espiritual (SWBS), a Escala de Disposição ao Perdão (TFS), a Escala de Gratidão (EG) e a Escala Breve de Resiliência (EBR). Entre os achados, encontrou-se que o modelo estimado com o método DWLS permite indicar que o bem-estar espiritual tem efeitos diretos sobre o perdão, gratidão e resiliência. Por sua vez, a covariância entre perdão e gratidão foi de .090 (p > .05), entre perdão e resiliência de .236 (p < .01) e entre gratidão e resiliência foi igual a .122 (p < .01). As implicações dos resultados foram discutidas.
Downloads
Referências
Ahern, N. R. (2006). Adolescent resilience: an evolutionary concept analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 21, 175-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2005.07.009
Alarcón, R. (2014). Construcción y valores psicométricos de una Escala para medir la Gratitud. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 4(2), 1520-1534.
Algoe, S. B., Gable, S. L., & Maisel, N. C. (2010). It’s the little things: everyday gratitude as a booster shot for romantic relationships. Personal Relationships, 17(2), 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01273.x
American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association & National Council on Measurement in Education. (2018). Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Educational Research Association.
Ataei, Z., & Chorami, M. (2021). Predicting academic emotions based on spiritual well-being and life satisfaction in students of shahrekord girls’ technical and vocational school. Propósitos y Representaciones, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2021.v9nSPE3.1250
Ato García, M., & Vallejo Seco, G. (2015). Diseños de investigación en Psicología. Pirámide.
Bagereka, P, Ameli, R, Sinaii, N, Vocci, M. C., & Berger, A. (2023). Psychosocial-spiritual well-being is related to resilience and mindfulness in patients with severe and/or life-limiting medical illness. BMC Palliative Care, 22(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-023-01258-6
Bartholomaeus, J., & Strelan, P. (2016). Just world beliefs and forgiveness: The mediating role of implicit theories of relationships, Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 106-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.081
Baykal, E. (2020). Boosting resilience through spiritual well-being: COVID-19 example. Bussecon Review of Social Sciences, 2(4), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.36096/brss.v2i4.224
Bentler, P. M. (1992). On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 400-404. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.400
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. L., O'Connor, L. E., Parrot, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgiveness, vengeful rumination and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73(1), 183-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00308.x
Büssing, A., Recchia, D. R., & Dienberg, T. (2018). Attitudes and behaviors related to Franciscan-inspired spirituality and their associations with compassion and altruism in Franciscan brothers and sisters. Religions, 9(10), 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9100324
Chopik, W. J., Newton, N. J., Ryan, L. H., Kashdan, T. B., & Jarden, A. J. (2019). Gratitude across the life span: age differences and links to subjective well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1414296
Chou, M. J., Tsai, S. S., Hsu, H. M., & Ho-Tang, W. (2016). Research on correlation between the life attitude and wellbeing-with spiritual health as the mediator. European Journal of Social Sciences, 4, 76-88.
Cohen, J. (1992). Una imprimación poderosa. Boletín Psicológico, 112(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú. (2017). Código de Ética y Deontología.
Córdova Flores, E. C., Vilela Ordinola, E. A., Salazar Avalos, M. M., Salazar Llerena, S. L., & Márquez Tirado, V. S. D. (2023). La Psicología positiva y la autoconfianza o autoconcepto de los estudiantes universitarios: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Revista de la Universidad del Zulia, 40, 440-464. https://doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.40.25
Dadfar, M., Lester, D., Turan, Y., Beshai, J. A., & Human-Friedrich U. (2021) Religious spiritual well-being: results from Muslim Iranian clinical and non-clinical samples by age, sex and group. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 33(1), 16-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/15528030.2020.1818161
Darvishi, A., Otaghi, M., & Mami, S. (2020). The effectiveness of spiritual therapy on spiritual well-being, self-esteem and self-efficacy in patients on hemodialysis. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 277-288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-00750-1
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2018). Advances and open questions in the science of subjective well-being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.115
Duran, S., Avci, D., & Esim, F. (2020). Association between spiritual well-being and resilience among Turkish hemodialysis patients. Journal of Religion and Health, 59, 3097-3109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01000-z
Eksi, H., Boyali, C., & Ummet, D. (2019). Predictive role of spiritual well-being and meaning in life on psychological hardiness levels of teacher candidates: A testing structural equation modelling (SEM). Kastamonu Education Journal, 27(4), 1695. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.3256
Ellison, C. W. (1983). Spiritual well-being: conceptualization and measurement. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 11(4), 330-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164718301100406
Elosua, P. (2021). Aplicación remota de test: riesgos y recomendaciones. Papeles del Psicólogo, 42(1), 33-37. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2021.2952
Emmons, R. A. (2013). How gratitude can help you through hard times. Greater Good Science Center, 13.
Emmons, R. A., & Kneezel, T. T. (2005). Giving thanks: spiritual and religious correlates of gratitude. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 24, 140-148.
Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness therapy: an empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. American Psychological Association.
García-Martín, M. B., & Calero-García, M. D. (2019). ESCI: Solución de conflictos interpersonales: Cuestionario y programa de intervención. Manual Moderno.
Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946-955. https://doi.org/10.1037/ a0017935
Grimaldo, M. P., Correa Rojas, J. D., Jara Sánchez, D., Cirilo Acero, I. B., & Aguirre Morales, M. T. (2020). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Calidad de vida de Olson y Barnes en estudiantes limeños (ECVOB). Health and Addictions/Salud Y Drogas, 20(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v20i2.545
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (2010). Análisis multivariante. Pearson.
Iodice, J.A., Malouff, J.M., & Schutte, N.S. (2021). The association between gratitude and depression: a meta-analysis. International Journal of Depression and Anxiety 4(1), 1-12. https://doi.org//10.23937/2643-4059/1710024
Jans-Beken, L. (2019). Een zoektocht naar dankbaarheid. Uitgeverij JansBeken.
Jin, Y., Dewaele, J., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2021). Reducing anxiety in the foreign language classroom: A positive psychology approach, System, 101, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102604.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1986). Lisrel VI: Analysis of Linear Structural Relationships by Maximum Likelihood and Least Square Methods. Scientific Software, Inc.
Kamya, H. A. (2000). Hardiness and spiritual well-being among social work students: Implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(2), 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2000.10779004
Khairul, H., Nurmalasari, E., Annisa, O., Hidayat, T., Fitriyani, N., & Pernanda, S. (2022). The influenced factors of gratitude: a systematic review. Proceeding of International Conference on Islamic Guidance and Counseling, 2, 9-16.
Khamida, Y. A., Fitryasari, R., Hasina, S. N., & Putri, R. A. T. (2023). The relationship of spiritual well-being with subjective well-being students in Islamic boarding school. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences, 19, 93-98.
Kline, R. (2015). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (4a ed.). The Guilford Press.
Lambert, N. M., Clark, M. S., Durtschi, J., Fincham, F. D., & Graham, S. M. (2010). Benefits of expressing gratitude: Expressing gratitude to a partner changes one’s view of the relationship. Psychological Science, 21(4), 574-580. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610364003
Lawler-Row, K. A., & Piferi, R. L. (2006). The forgiving personality: describing a life well lived? Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.007
Leung, C. H., & Pong, H. K, (2021). Cross-sectional study of the relationship between the spiritual wellbeing and psychological health among university Students, Plos One, 16(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249702
López, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
López, S. J., Snyder, C. R., & Rasmussen, H. N. (2003). Striking a vital balance: Developing a complementary focus on human weakness and strength through positive psychological assessment. En S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.). Positive psychological assessment: A handbook of models and measures (pp. 3-20). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10612-001
López-Sánchez, O., Cortijo-Palacios, X., Sandoval-Guzmán, P. E., González-Carrada, E., & Robles-Mendoza, A. L. (2023). Socio-emotional processes during the COVID 19 pandemic in graduate students. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria [Digital Journal of University Teaching Research], 17(1), e1689. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2023.1689
Los Arcos, A. (2019). Amabilidad y perdón: El papel mediador de la condicionalidad del perdón. [Tesis de Maestría, Universidad Pontificia Comillas]. Repositorio Comillas: https://repositorio.comillas.edu/xmlui/handle/11531/52889
Louzán Mariño, R. (2020). Mejorar la calidad de las evaluaciones de riesgos psicosociales mediante el control de sesgos. Archivos de Prevención de Riesgos Laborales, 23(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.12961/abril.2020.23.01.06
Manala, M. J. (2018). Gratitude as a Christian lifestyle: an Afro-reformed theological perspective. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 74(4). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i4.5117
Masten, A. S., Lucke, C. M., Nelson, K. M., & Stallworthy, I. C. (2021). Resilience in development and psychopathology: multisystem perspectives. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 17, 521-549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-120307
McCullough, M. F., Emmons, R. R., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112
Moyano, N. (2010). Gratitud en la Psicología Positiva. Psicodebate, 10, 103-118. https://doi.org/10.18682/pd.v10i0.391
Navarro-González, D., Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2016). How response bias affects the factorial structure of personality self-reports. Psicothema, 28 (4), 465-470. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.113
Noer, M. (2023). Spiritual well-being and mental health illness among students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Indonesia. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in the South, 7(2), 63-83. https://doi.org/10.36615/sotls.v7i2.271
Otzen, T., & Manterola C. (2017). Técnicas de muestreo sobre una población a estudio. International Journal of Morphology, 35(1), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022017000100037
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison C. W. (1979). Religious commitment, loneliness, and quality of life. CAPS Bulletin, 5(3).
Paloutzian, R. F., & Ellison, C. W. (1982). Loneliness, spiritual well-being and the quality of life. En L. A. Peplau, & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy (pp. 224-236). John Wiley & Sons.
Ponce-Peñaloza, A. P., Calcina-Cuevas, S. C., Martínez-García, A. J., & Vilca-Miranda, A. (2023). Resiliencia de estudiantes universitarios postpandemia de la COVID-19. Polo del Conocimiento, 8(3), 2145-2154. https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v8i3
Pong, H. K. (2018). Contributions of religious beliefs on the development of university students’ spiritual well-being. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 23(4), 429-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2018.1502164
Portocarrero, F. F., Gonzalez, K., & Ekema-Agbaw, M. (2020). A meta-analytic review of the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110101
Razaghpoor, A., Rafiei, H., Taqavi, F., & Hashemi, M. (2021). Resilience and its relationship with spiritual wellbeing among patients with heart failure. British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, 16(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2020.0109
Reales Chacón, L, J., Robalino Morales, G, E., Peñafiel Luna, A, C., Cárdenas Medina, J, H., Cantuña-Vallejo, P, F., (2022). El Muestreo intencional no probabilístico como herramienta de la investigación científica en carreras de Ciencias de la Salud. Revista Universidad y Sociedad, 14(S5), 681-691.
Rey, L., & Extremera, N. (2016). Agreeableness and interpersonal forgiveness in young adults: the moderating role of gender. Terapia Psicológica, 34(2), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48082016000200003
Reyes-Díaz, J. I., Arizmendi-Cotero, D., Velázquez-Garduño, G., & Rivera-Ramírez, F. (2023). Compromiso y resiliencia en estudiantes universitarios postpandemia de COVID-19. Revista de Investigación Educativa RedCA, 6(17), 48-69.
Rodríguez Ugalde, E. (2023). Estrategias de resiliencia en ambientes familiares y educativas durante la pandemia. Revista ConCiencia EPG, 8(Especial), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.32654/ConCiencia/eds.especial-2
Rosseel, Y., Oberski, D., Byrnes, J., Vanbrabant, L., Savalei, V., Merkle, E., & Jorgensen, T. D. (2018). Package ‘lavaan’ 0.6-3. https://cran.rproject.org/web/packages/lavaan/lavaan.pd
Salgado-Lévano, C., Correa-Rojas, J., & Mori-Sánchez, M. (en prensa). Psychometric evidence of the Spiritual Well-being Scale in university students from Lima.
Sánchez-Teruel, D., & Robles-Bello, M. A. (2015). Escala de Resiliencia 14 ítems (RS-14): Propiedades Psicométricas de la versión en español. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica, 2(40), 103-113.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Senmar, M., Hasannia, E., Moeinoddin, A., Lotfi, S., Hamedi, F., Habibi, M., Noorian, S., & Rafiei, H. (2020). Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness and Its Relationship with Spiritual Wellbeing in Iranian Cancer Patients. International Journal of Chronic Diseases, 5742569. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5742569
Seperak-Viera, R., Torres-Villalobos, G., Gravini-Donado, M., & Domínguez-Lara, S. A. (2023). Invarianza factorial de dos versiones breves de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor–Davidson (cd-risc) en estudiantes universitarios de Arequipa. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 26(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2023.26.1.7
Shoshani, A., & Shwartz, L. (2018). From character strengths to children’s well-being: development and validation of the Character Strengths Inventory for Elementary School Children. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02123
Silva Chanta, S. T., Camacho Huapaya, R. M., & Casas Miranda, R. J. M. (2023). El perdón en la convivencia escolar. Horizontes. Revista de Investigación en Ciencias de la Educación, 7(30), 1863-1876. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistahorizontes.v7i30.635
Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.). (2002). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.
Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Edwards, L. M., & Marques, S. C. (Eds.) (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology (3a ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199396511.001.0001
Surzykiewicz, J., Konaszewski, K., & Wagnild, G. (2019). Polish version of the Resilience Scale (RS-14): a validity and reliability study in three samples. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2762. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02762
Thompson L. Y., Snyder, C. R., Hoffman, L., Michael, S. T., Rasmussen, H. N., Billings, L. S., Heinze, L., Neufeld, J. E., Shorey, H. S., Roberts, J. C., & Roberts, D. E. (2005). Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 313-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
Tudder, A., Buettner, K., & Brelsford, G. M. (2017). Spiritual well-being and gratitude: The role of positive affect and affect intensity. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 36(2), 121.
Turner, S. (2014). The resilient nurse: an emerging concept. Nurse Leader, 12(6), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2014.03.013
Ventura-León, J., Caycho-Rodríguez, T., & Barboza-Palomino, M. (2018). Análisis psicométrico preliminar de una medida de gratitud en estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Revista de Psicología, 8(2), 13-31.
Verdam, M. G., Oort, F. J., & Sprangers, M. A. (2016). Using structural equation modeling to detect response shifts and true change in discrete variables: an application to the items of the SF-36. Quality of life research: an international Journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, 25(6), 1361-1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1195-0
Vitz, P. C. (2018). Addressing moderate interpersonal hatred before addressing forgiveness in psychotherapy and counseling: a proposed model. Journal of Religion and Health, 57, 725-737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0574-6
Wagnild, G. (2009). A review of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement. 17, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1891/1061-3749.17.2.105
Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165-178.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 890-905. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
Yoo, J. (2023). The influence of spiritual well-being on depression among protestant college seminarians in Korea with a focus on the mediating effect of self-esteem. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 51(1), 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647122111860
Yoo, J., You, S., & Lee, J. (2022). Relationship between neuroticism, spiritual well-being, and subjective well-being in Korean university students. Religions, 13(6), 505. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13060505
Zafari, M., Sadeghipour Roudsari, M., Yarmohammadi, S., Jahangirimehr, A., & Marashi, T. (2023). Investigating the relationship between spiritual well-being, resilience, and depression: a cross-sectional study of the elderly. Psychogeriatrics, 23(3), 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12952
Zhuang, Z. Y., & Qiao, W. (2018). A study on college students’ psychology of revenge and interpersonal forgiveness and the relationship with health education, EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 14(6), 2487-2492. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/89517
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2024 Ciencias Psicológicas
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.