Análisis psicométrico de dos versiones del Big Five Inventory-15 en estudiantes universitarios chilenos: estructura interna, invarianza de medición y asociación con bienestar subjetivo

Sergio Dominguez-Lara; Marcos Carmona-Halty; Marion K. Schulmeyer; Sabina N. Valente; Abílio A. Lourenço

doi:10.22235/cp.v18i1.3369

Authors

Sergio Dominguez-Lara Universidad de San Martín de Porres https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4278
Marcos Carmona-Halty Universidad de Tarapacá https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-1175
Marion K. Schulmeyer Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-0656
Sabina N. Valente Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre; Universidade de Évora https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-3744
Abílio A. Lourenço Universidade do Minho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-0412

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v18i1.3369

Keywords:

personality, subjective well-being, validity, reliability

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to analyze the internal structure of the Big Five Inventory-15 (BFI-15), measurement invariance and its association with subjective well-being, in Chilean college students. A sample of 1011 college students (female = 54.80%; M_age = 21.55 years; SD_age = 2.11 years) was used. Results showed the Peruvian version of BFI-15 (BFI-15p) has more consistent indicators regarding their internal structure (e.g., factor loadings) compared to the German (BFI-15a) version, an invariant structure between men and women, and a significant association with subjective well-being was found. Finally, the construct reliability and scores reliability reached adequate magnitudes. It is concluded that the BFI-15p has adequate psychometric properties for use in Chilean college students.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Abílio A. Lourenço, Universidade do Minho

References

Abdel-Khalek, A. M. (2021). Big-five personality factors and gender differences in Egyptian collge students. Mankind Quarterly, 61(3), 478-496. https://doi.org/10.46469/mq.2021.61.3.6

Angelini, G. (2023). Big fve model personality traits and job burnout: a systematic literature review. BMC Psychology, 11(49), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01056-y

Anglim, J., Horwood, S., Smillie, L. D., Marrero, R. J., & Wood, J. K. (2020). Predicting psychological and subjective well-being from personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(4), 279-323. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000226

Araújo, G. R., Ramos, M. C., da Silva, P. G. N., de Melo, C. U., de Araújo, G. O., da Cunha, L. R. L., & de Medeiros, E. D. (2024). Personalidade, variáveis sociodemográficas e cansaço emocional em universitários do nordeste brasileiro. Dedica. Revista de Educação e Humanidades, (22), 1-21. http://doi.org/10.30827/dreh.22.2024.28849

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2006). Robust chi square difference testing with mean and adjusted test statistics [Mplus Web Notes n.o 10]. https://www.statmodel.com/download/webnotes/webnote10.pdf

Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397-438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204

Atienza, F. L., Pons, D., Balaguer, I., & García-Merita, M. L. (2000). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida en adolescentes. Psicothema, 12(2), 314-319.

Ato, M., López, J., & Benavente, A. (2013). Un sistema de clasificación de los diseños de investigación en psicología. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511

Barańczuk, U. (2019). The Five Factor Model of personality and social support: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 81, 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2019.05.002

Barbachán-Ruales, E. A., Pareja-Pérez, L., Bernardo-Santiago, M., & Solano-Gutiérrez, J. (2018). Preferencias cerebrales, capacidad emprendedora y personalidad eficaz. Una relación necesaria para los estudiantes universitarios de Perú. Investigación y Postgrado, 33(2), 31-49.

Barry, B., & Friedman, R. A. (1998). Bargainer characteristics in distributive and integrative negotiation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 345-359. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.345

Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los cinco grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 729-750. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.729

Bertoquini, V., & Ribeiro, J. L. P. (2006). Estudo de formas muito reduzidas do Modelo dos Cinco Factores da Personalidade. Psychologica, 43, 193- 210.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. En K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 445-455). Sage.

Bunker, C. J., Saysavanh, S. E., & Kwan, V. S. (2021). Are gender differences in the big five the same on social media as offline? Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 3, 100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHBR.2021.100085

Bunnett, E. R. (2020). Gender differences in perceived traits of men and women. En The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 179-184). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119547174.ch207

Calleja, N., & Masón, T. A. (2020). Escala de Bienestar Subjetivo (EBS-20 y EBS-8): construcción y validación. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 55(2), 185-201. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP55.2.14

Candrinho, G. C., Almeida, C. S. & Bastos, A. V. B. (2023). Evidências preliminares de validade psicométrica da versão portuguesa do Questionário de Capital Psicológico (PCQ-12) para o contexto moçambicano. Praxis Psy, 39, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.32995/praxispsy.v24i39.223

Carmona-Halty, M. A., & Rojas-Paz, P. P. (2014). Rasgos de personalidad, necesidad de cognición y satisfacción vital en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Universitas Psychologica, 13(1), 83-93. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-1.rpnc

Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

Chiorri, C., Marsh, H. W., Ubbiali, A., & Donati, D. (2016). Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance across gender of the Big Five Inventory through Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1035381

Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309

Costa, P., & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.

Courtois, R., Petot, J. M., Plaisant, O., Allibe, B., Lignier, B., Réveillère, C. Lecocq, G., & John, O. (2020). Validation française du Big Five Inventory à 10 items (BFI-10). L'Encéphale, 46(6), 455-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2020.02.006

Dangi, A., Singh, V., & Saini, C. (2020). Different personality affects risk perception differently in online shopping: Investigation of gender impact. Journal of Xian University of Architecture and Technology, 12(2), 414-420.

Dash, G. F., Slutske, W. S., Martin, N. G., Statham, D. J., Agrawal, A., & Lynskey, M. T. (2019). Big Five personality traits and alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, and gambling disorder comorbidity. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 33(4), 420-429. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000468

Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Diener, E., Lucas, R., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. En C. Snyder & S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 63-73). Oxford University Press.

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). Subjective well-being: the science of happiness and life satisfaction. En C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology (pp. 187-194). Oxford University Press.

DiStefano, C., Liu, J., Jiang, N., & Shi, D. (2018). Examination of the weighted root mean square residual: Evidence for trustworthiness? Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(3), 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2017.1390394

Dominguez-Lara, S. (2018). Propuesta de puntos de corte para cargas factoriales: una perspectiva de fiabilidad de constructo. Enfermería Clínica, 28(6), 401-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2018.06.002

Dominguez-Lara, S., & Merino-Soto, C. (2018a). Dos versiones breves del Big Five Inventory en universitarios peruanos: BFI-15p y BFI-10p. Liberabit, 24(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2018.v24n1.06

Dominguez-Lara, S., & Merino-Soto, C. (2018b). Estructura interna del BFI-10P y BFI-15P: un estudio complementario con enfoque CFA y ESEM. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 10(3), 22-34. https://doi.org/10.32348/1852.4206.v10.n3.21037

Dominguez-Lara, S., Campos-Uscanga, Y., & Valente, S. (2022). Análisis psicométrico de versiones breves del Big Five Inventory en universitarios mexicanos. Avaliação Psicológica, 21(2), 140-149. https://dx.doi.org/10.15689/ap.2022.2102.20163.02

Dominguez-Lara, S., Merino-Soto, C., Zamudio, B., & Guevara-Cordero, C. (2018). Big Five Inventory en universitarios peruanos: Resultados preliminares de su validación. Psykhe, 27(2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.7764/psykhe.27.2.1052

Dominguez-Lara, S., Prada-Chapoñan, R., & Moreta-Herrera, R. (2019). Diferencias de género en la influencia de la personalidad sobre la procrastinación académica en estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 22(2), 125-136. https://doi.org/10.14718/acp.2019.22.2.7

Dufey, M., & Fernández, A.M. (2012). Validez y confiabilidad del positive affect and negative affect Schedule (PANAS) en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación Psicológica - e Avaliação Psicológica, 34(2), 157-173.

Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/0.1111/bjop.12046

Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1058-1068. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058

Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: a guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532-538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015808

Fetvadjiev, V., & van der Vijver, F. J. R. (2015). Universality of the five-factor model of personality. En J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 249-253). Elsevier.

Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. En G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling. A Second Course (pp. 269-314). Information Age Publishing.

Fleming, J., & Merino-Soto, C. (2005). Medidas de simplicidad y ajuste factorial: Un enfoque para la construcción y revisión de escalas derivadas factorialmente. Revista de Psicología, 23(2), 252-266. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.200502.002

Gallego, F. A., Rojas, C. A., Valencia, O., & Granados, H. (2024). Associations between self-efficacy, mastery, and interest in mathematics technology among university students from Colombia. Formación universitaria, 17(1), 59-68. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062024000100059

Gerlitz J. Y., & Schupp, J. (2005). Zur Erhebung der Big-Five-basierten Persönlichkeitsmerkmale im SOEP. Dokumentation der Instrumentenentwicklung BFI-S auf Basis des SOEP-Pretests 2005. DIW Research, Notes 4.

Giluk, T. L., & Postlethwaite, B. E. (2015). Big Five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.027

Guido, G., Peluso, A.M., Capestro, M., & Miglietta, M. (2015). An Italian version of the 10-item Big Five Inventory: An application to hedonic and utilitarian shopping values. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.053

Gurven, M., von Rueden, C., Massenkoff, M., Kaplan, H., & Lero Vie, M. (2013). How universal is the Big Five? Testing the five-factor model of personality variation among forager-farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 354-370. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030841

Hunsley, J., & Marsh, E. J. (2008). Developing criteria for evidence-based assessment: An introduction to assessment that work. En J. Hunsley & E. J. Marsh (Eds.), A guide to assessments that work (pp. 3-14). Oxford University Press.

Jensen, R. A. A., Kirkegaard Thomsen, D., O'Connor, M., & Mehlsen, M. Y. (2020). Age differences in life stories and neuroticism mediate age differences in subjective well-being. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3580

John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory–Versions 4a and 54. Institute of Personality and Social Research, University of California, Berkeley.

Kaftan, O. J., & Freund, A. M. (2018). The way is the goal: The role of goal focus for successful goal pursuit and subjective well-being. En E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being. DEF Publishers

Kim, S. Y., Kim, J. M., Yoo, J. A., Bae, K. Y., Kim, S. W., Yang, S. J., Shin, I. S., & Yoon, J. S. (2010). Standardization and validation of Big Five Inventory – Korean version (BFI-K) in elders. Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 17(1), 15-25.

Kobylińska, D., Zajenkowski, M., Lewczuk, K., Jankowski, K. S., & Marchlewska, M. (2022). The mediational role of emotion regulation in the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Current Psychology, 41, 4098-4111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00861-7

Kunnel, J. R., Xavier, B., Waldmeier, A., Meyer, A., & Gaab, J. (2019) Psychometric Evaluation of the BFI-10 and the NEO-FFI-3 in Indian Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1057. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01057

Lara, L., Monje, M. F., Fuster-Villaseca, J., & Dominguez-Lara, S. (2021). Adaptación y validación del Big Five Inventory para estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 38(2), 83-94.

Liu, W., Li, Z., Ding, C., Wang, X., & Chen, H. (2024). A holistic view of gender traits and personality traits predict human health. Personality and Individual Differences, 222, 112601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112601

Ljubin-Golub, T., Petričević, E., & Rovan, D. (2019). The role of personality in motivational regulation and academic procrastination. Educational Psychology, 39(4), 550-568. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1537479

Lucas, R. E. (2018). Exploring the associations between personality and subjective well-being. En E. Diener, S. Oishi & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being (pp. 233-247). DEF Publishers.

Mammadov, S. (2022). Big Five personality traits and academic performance: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Personality, 90(2), 222-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12663

Marcos, A. L., Serra, F. A. R., Vils, L & Scafuto, I. C. (2023). Validation of the Big Five Personality Inventory-15 (CBF-PI-15) scale for the Portuguese language and use to assess the project professionals. Revista de Gestão e Projetos (GeP), 14(1), 42-65. https://doi.org/10.5585/gep.v14i1.23210.

Margolis, S., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2018). Cognitive outlooks and well-being. En E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of Well-Being (pp. 129-144). DEF Publishers.

Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2

Matos, D. A. S. & Rodrigues, E. C. (2019). Análise fatorial. Enap.

McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new big five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61(3), 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.3.204.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616729101700217

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1999). A Five-Factor theory of personality. En L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 139-153). Guilford Press.

McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.52.5.509

McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 587-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1

McGeown, S. P., Putwain, D., Simpson, E. G., Boffey, E., Markham, J., & Vince, A. (2014). Predictors of adolescents' academic motivation: Personality, self-efficacy and adolescents' characteristics. Learning and Individual Differences, 32, 278-286. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.03.022

McIIloy, D., Poole, K., Ursavas O. M., & Moriarty, A. (2015). Distal and proximal associates of academic performance at secondary level: A mediation model of personality and self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 38, 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.01.004

McKnight, R., Price, J., & Geddes, J. (2019). Personality and its disorders. En R. McKnight, J. Price, & J. Geddes (Eds.), Psychiatry (pp. 465-474). Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754008.001.0001

Merino-Soto, C. (2020). Consistencia interna del Eysenck Personality Questionnaire - Revised: cuando alfa de Cronbach no es suficiente. Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación – e Avaliação Psicológica, 57(4), 191-203. https://doi.org/10.21865/RIDEP57.4.14

Mõttus, R., & Rozgonjuk, D. (2021). Development is in the details: Age differences in the Big Five domains, facets, and nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), 1035-1048. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000276

Mõttus, R., Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., Riemann, R., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). Personality traits below facets: The consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and utility of personality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), 474-490 https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000100

Nunes, C. H., Hutz, C. S., & Giacomoni, C. H. (2009). Associação entre bem-estar subjetivo e personalidade no modelo dos cinco grandes fatores. Avaliação Psicológica, 8(1), 99-108.

Ocansey, G., Addo, C., Onyeaka, H., Andoh-Arthur, J., & Oppong, K. (2020). The influence of personality types on academic procrastination among undergraduate students. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 1(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1841051

Oguntayo, R., Gutiérrez-Vega, M., & Esparza-Del Villar, O. A. (2024). The Psychometric Properties of the Environmental Worry Index. Mental Health: Global Challenges, 7(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.56508/mhgcj.v7i1.181

Pendergast, L. L., von der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002

Ponterotto, J. G., & Ruckdeschel, D. E. (2007). An overview of coefficient alpha and a reliability matrix for estimating adequacy of internal consistency coefficients with psychological research measures. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(3), 997-1014. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.3.997-1014

Prada-Chapoñan, R., Navarro-Loli, J., & Dominguez-Lara, S. (2020). Personalidad y agotamiento emocional académico en estudiantes universitarios peruanos: un estudio predictivo. Revista Digital de Investigación en Docencia Universitaria, 14(2), e1227. https://doi.org/10.19083/ridu.2020.1227

Rammstedt, B. (2007): The 10-Item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10): Norm values and investigation of socio-demographic effects based on a German population representative sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.193

Rammstedt, B., & John, O.P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 203-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.02.001

Rammstedt, B., Kemper, C. J., Klein, M. C., Beierlein, C., & Kovaleva, A. (2013). Eine kurze skala zur messung der fünf dimensionen der persönlichkeit. Methoden, Daten, Analysen, 7(2), 233-249.

Robles, R., & Páez, F. (2003). Estudio sobre la traducción al español y las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo (PANAS). Salud Mental, 26(1), 69-75.

Salgado, E., Vargas-Trujillo, E., Schmutzler, J. & Wills-Herrera, E. (2016). Uso del Inventario de los Cinco Grandes en una muestra colombiana. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 34(2), 365-382. http://doi.org/10.12804/apl34.2.2016.10

Sander, P., & Fuente, J. (2020). Undergraduate student gender, personality and academic confidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155567

Schmitt, D. P., Long, A. E., McPhearson, A., O’Brien, K., Remmert, B., & Shah, S. H. (2017). Personality and gender differences in global perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 52(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12265

Serrano, C., Andreu, Y., & Murgui, S. (2020). The Big Five and subjective wellbeing: The mediating role of optimism. Psicothema, 32(3), 352-358. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.392

Stanley, L. M., & Edwards, M. C. (2016). Reliability and Model Fit. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 76(6), 976-985. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164416638900

Steyn, R., & Ndofirepi, T. M. (2022) Structural validity and measurement invariance of the short version of the Big Five Inventory (BFI-10) in selected countries. Cogent Psychology, 9(1), 2095035. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2022.2095035

Suárez-Alvarez, J., Pedrosa, I., Lozano, L.M., García-Cueto, E., Cuesta, M., & Muñiz, J. (2018). Using reversed items in Likert scales: A questionable practice. Psicothema, 30(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2018.33

Thielmann, I., Spadaro, G., & Balliet, D. (2020). Personality and prosocial behavior: A theoretical framework and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 30-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000217

van Valkengoed, A. M., Steg, L., & de Jonge, P. (2023). Climate anxiety: A research agenda inspired by emotion research. Emotion Review, 15(4), 258-262. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073923119375

Vedel, A. (2014). The Big Five and tertiary academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.011

Vera-Villarroel, P., Urzúa, A., Pavez, P., Celis-Atenas, K., & Silva, J. (2012). Evaluation of subjective well-being: Analysis of the satisfaction with life scale in Chilean population. Universitas Psychologica, 11(3), 719-727.

Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

World Medical Association. (1964). Declaration of Helsinki. AMM. http://www.conamed.gob.mx/prof_salud/pdf/helsinki.pdf

Zell, E., & Lesick, T. L. (2022). Big five personality traits and performance: A quantitative synthesis of 50+ meta‐analyses. Journal of Personality, 90(4), 559-573. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12683

Zhang, B., Li, X., Deng, H., Tan, P., He, W., Huang, S., Wang, L., Xu, H., Cao, L., & Nie, G. (2024). The relationship of personality, alexithymia, anxiety symptoms, and odor awareness: a mediation analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-05653-y

Zhang, X., Wang, M-C., He, L., Jie, L., & Deng, J. (2019). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory-15. Plos One, 14(8), e0221621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221621

Zhao, Y., Niu, J., Huang, J., & Meng, Y. (2024). A bifactor representation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for children: gender and age invariance and implications for adolescents’ social and academic adjustment. Child Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 18(27). 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-024-00717-z

Zuo, X., Zhao, L., Li, Y., Yu, C., & Wang, Z. (2024). Psychological mechanisms of English academic stress and academic burnout: the mediating role of rumination and moderating effect of neuroticism. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1309210