Trastorno por estrés postraumático en niños españoles maltratados
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1894Palabras clave:
abuso infantil, exposición a violencia de género, menores tutelados, TEPT, DSMResumen
Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de Trastorno por Estrés Postraumático (TEPT) acorde a los criterios DSM-IV-TR en niños españoles expuestos a abuso crónico, y establecer las diferencias en TEPT entre niños tutelados y expuestos a violencia de pareja contra la mujer. Método: 211 menores (8-17 años) (Grupo abusado; EG=102, Grupo control; CG=109). Resultados: La prevalencia de TEPT fue 1.8% en grupo control y 16.7% en niños abusados. La prevalencia de TEPT es significativamente más alta en EG que en CG. Entre los niños no hubo diferencias significativas entre EG y CG, y en las niñas fue significativamente más alta en EG que en CG. Conclusión: los niños expuestos a violencia de pareja tienen la misma prevalencia de TEPT que los niños víctimas directas de abuso y es mucho mayor que la encontrada en población general. Es necesaria una mayor coordinación entre los servicios judicial, social y sanitario para proteger la infancia.
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Ahmad, N., Hussain, S, &Munir, N. (2018). A tale of internal displacement: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among school students in Swat, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 43 (3), 511-514.
Alisic, E., Zalta, A., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S., Hafstad, G., Hassanpour, K., &Smid, G. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204 (5), 335-340. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (1994). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Cuarta Edición (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2000). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Texto Revisado(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2013).Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales,5º Edición (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Boeckel, M. G., Wagner, A., &Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2017).The effects of intimate partner violence exposure on the mater-nal bond and PTSD symptoms of children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32 (7), 1127-1142. doi:10.1177/0886260515587667.
Boyer, B. A., Knolls, M. L., Kafkalas, C. M., y Tollen, L. G. (2000). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Functional Independence. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 6 (suppl): 125-133. doi: 10.1310/4FJ8-3VCH-EE0N-HNCD.
Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., yLandsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youth involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 960-970. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65.
Bustos, P., Rincón, P., y Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD SymptomScale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe, 18 (2), 113-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008.
Cala, M.J., Trigo, M.E., y Saavedra, F.J. (2016). Women's disengagement from legal proceedings for intimate partner violence: Sociodemographic and psychological variable. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8 (1), 35-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.10.002.
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., y Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: the phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010.
Castro, M., Alcántara-López, M., Martínez, A., Fernández, V., Sánchez-Meca, J., & López-Soler, J. (2017). Mother’s IPV, Child Maltreatment Type and the Presence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (9), 1077.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091077.
Cedric, S, yGoldbeck, L. (2016). Consequences of the Diagnostic Criteria Proposed for the ICD-11 on the Prevalence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 120-123. Doi: 10.1002/jts.22080.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., yPeterman, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14 (3), 263-279. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00039-0.
Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., yTredwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9.
Foa, E.B., Asnaani, A., Zang, Y., Capaldi, S., &Yeh, R. (2018). Psychometrics of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 for Trauma-Exposed Children and Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47 (1), 38-46, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1350962.
Fong, V. C., Hawes, D., & Allen, J. L. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, y Abuse, 20 (2) 149-167. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692383.
Furtado, L., Carvalhães, R., yGonçalves, S. (2009).Violência e transtorno de estressepós-traumático na infância.[Violencia y trastorno de estrés postraumático en la infancia]. Ciência&SaúdeColetiva, 14 (2), 417-433.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000200011.
Gibbs, J. A. (2001). Maintaining front-line workers in child protection: A case for refocusing supervision.Child Abuse Review, 10, 323-335. doi: 10.1002/car.707.
Havens, J. F., Gudi, O. G., Biggs, E. A., Diamond, U. N., Weis, J. R., yCloitre, M. (2012). Identification of Trauma Exposure and PTSD in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 171-178. doi: 10.1002/jts.21683.
Howell, K. H., Barnes, S. E., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016).Developmental variations in the impact of Intimate Partner Violence exposure during childhood.Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 8 (1), 43.doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v8i1.663.
Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., y Burns, B. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, Online First. June 2009. doi: 10.1177/1077559509337892.
Legault, L., Anawati, M., y Flynn, R. (2006). Factors favoring psychological resilience among fostered young people. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1024-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.10.006.
López-García, J. J. yLópez-Soler, C. (2014).Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28 (3), 230-233.doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.10.009.
Manning, L., Davies, P, yCicchetti, D. (2014). Interparental Violence and Childhood Adjustment: How and Why Maternal Sensitivity Is a Protective Factor. Childdevelopment, 85 (6), 2263-2278. doi:10.1111/cdev.12279.
OMS (2016).Child maltreatment (Fact sheet 150).Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html.
Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: For Implications Prevention and Intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6 (3), 161-170. doi: 10.1023/A:1024958332093.
Oswald, S. H., Fegert, J. M., yGoldbeck, L. (2010). Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Foster Children Following Maltreatment and Neglect.Verhaltenstherapie, 20, 37-44. doi: 10.1159/000274622.
Øverlien C. (2010). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Conclusions from the Literature and Challenges Ahead.Journal of Social Work, 10 (1), 80-97. doi: 10.1177/1468017309350663.
Rincón, P. P., Cova, F., Bustos, P., Aedo, J., y Valdivia, M. (2010).Estrés Postraumático en Niños y Adolescentes Abusados Sexualmente. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 81 (3), 234-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062010000300006.
Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., yZeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents.American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644-651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644.
Serrano-Ibáñez, E.R., Ruiz-Párraga, G.T., Esteve, R., Ramírez-Maestre, C., & López-Martínez, A.E. (2018). Validation of the child PTSD symptom scale (CPSS) in Spanish adolescents.Psicothema, 30 (1), 130-135.
Shenk, C. E., Putnam, F. W., y Noll, J. G. (2012). Experiential avoidance and the relationship between child maltreatment and PTSD symptoms: Preliminary evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 118 - 126. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.012.
Tolin, D. F., yFoa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress to disorder; to quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132 (6), 959-992. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.
Venta, A.C., & Mercado, A. (2019). Trauma Screening in Recently Immigrated Youth: Data from Two Spanish-Speaking Samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 (1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1252-8.
Ahmad, N., Hussain, S, &Munir, N. (2018). A tale of internal displacement: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among school students in Swat, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 43 (3), 511-514.
Alisic, E., Zalta, A., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S., Hafstad, G., Hassanpour, K., &Smid, G. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204 (5), 335-340. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (1994). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Cuarta Edición (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2000). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Texto Revisado(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2013).Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales,5º Edición (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Boeckel, M. G., Wagner, A., &Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2017).The effects of intimate partner violence exposure on the mater-nal bond and PTSD symptoms of children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32 (7), 1127-1142. doi:10.1177/0886260515587667.
Boyer, B. A., Knolls, M. L., Kafkalas, C. M., y Tollen, L. G. (2000). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Functional Independence. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 6 (suppl): 125-133. doi: 10.1310/4FJ8-3VCH-EE0N-HNCD.
Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., yLandsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youth involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 960-970. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65.
Bustos, P., Rincón, P., y Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD SymptomScale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe, 18 (2), 113-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008.
Cala, M.J., Trigo, M.E., y Saavedra, F.J. (2016). Women's disengagement from legal proceedings for intimate partner violence: Sociodemographic and psychological variable. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8 (1), 35-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.10.002.
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., y Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: the phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010.
Castro, M., Alcántara-López, M., Martínez, A., Fernández, V., Sánchez-Meca, J., & López-Soler, J. (2017). Mother’s IPV, Child Maltreatment Type and the Presence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (9), 1077.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091077.
Cedric, S, yGoldbeck, L. (2016). Consequences of the Diagnostic Criteria Proposed for the ICD-11 on the Prevalence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 120-123. Doi: 10.1002/jts.22080.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., yPeterman, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14 (3), 263-279. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00039-0.
Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., yTredwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9.
Foa, E.B., Asnaani, A., Zang, Y., Capaldi, S., &Yeh, R. (2018). Psychometrics of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 for Trauma-Exposed Children and Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47 (1), 38-46, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1350962.
Fong, V. C., Hawes, D., & Allen, J. L. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, y Abuse, 20 (2) 149-167. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692383.
Furtado, L., Carvalhães, R., yGonçalves, S. (2009).Violência e transtorno de estressepós-traumático na infância.[Violencia y trastorno de estrés postraumático en la infancia]. Ciência&SaúdeColetiva, 14 (2), 417-433.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000200011.
Gibbs, J. A. (2001). Maintaining front-line workers in child protection: A case for refocusing supervision.Child Abuse Review, 10, 323-335. doi: 10.1002/car.707.
Havens, J. F., Gudi, O. G., Biggs, E. A., Diamond, U. N., Weis, J. R., yCloitre, M. (2012). Identification of Trauma Exposure and PTSD in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 171-178. doi: 10.1002/jts.21683.
Howell, K. H., Barnes, S. E., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016).Developmental variations in the impact of Intimate Partner Violence exposure during childhood.Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 8 (1), 43.doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v8i1.663.
Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., y Burns, B. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, Online First. June 2009. doi: 10.1177/1077559509337892.
Legault, L., Anawati, M., y Flynn, R. (2006). Factors favoring psychological resilience among fostered young people. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1024-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.10.006.
López-García, J. J. yLópez-Soler, C. (2014).Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28 (3), 230-233.doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.10.009.
Manning, L., Davies, P, yCicchetti, D. (2014). Interparental Violence and Childhood Adjustment: How and Why Maternal Sensitivity Is a Protective Factor. Childdevelopment, 85 (6), 2263-2278. doi:10.1111/cdev.12279.
OMS (2016).Child maltreatment (Fact sheet 150).Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html.
Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: For Implications Prevention and Intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6 (3), 161-170. doi: 10.1023/A:1024958332093.
Oswald, S. H., Fegert, J. M., yGoldbeck, L. (2010). Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Foster Children Following Maltreatment and Neglect.Verhaltenstherapie, 20, 37-44. doi: 10.1159/000274622.
Øverlien C. (2010). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Conclusions from the Literature and Challenges Ahead.Journal of Social Work, 10 (1), 80-97. doi: 10.1177/1468017309350663.
Rincón, P. P., Cova, F., Bustos, P., Aedo, J., y Valdivia, M. (2010).Estrés Postraumático en Niños y Adolescentes Abusados Sexualmente. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 81 (3), 234-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062010000300006.
Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., yZeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents.American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644-651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644.
Serrano-Ibáñez, E.R., Ruiz-Párraga, G.T., Esteve, R., Ramírez-Maestre, C., & López-Martínez, A.E. (2018). Validation of the child PTSD symptom scale (CPSS) in Spanish adolescents.Psicothema, 30 (1), 130-135.
Shenk, C. E., Putnam, F. W., y Noll, J. G. (2012). Experiential avoidance and the relationship between child maltreatment and PTSD symptoms: Preliminary evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 118 - 126. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.012.
Tolin, D. F., yFoa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress to disorder; to quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132 (6), 959-992. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.
Venta, A.C., & Mercado, A. (2019). Trauma Screening in Recently Immigrated Youth: Data from Two Spanish-Speaking Samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 (1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1252-8.
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Publicado
2019-10-07
Cómo citar
Castro Sáez, M., Martínez Pérez, A., López-Soler, C., López-García, J. J., & Alcántara-López, M. (2019). Trastorno por estrés postraumático en niños españoles maltratados. Ciencias Psicológicas, 13(2), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1894
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