Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused Spanish children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1894Keywords:
child abuse, intimate partner violence exposure, children in care, PTSD, DSMAbstract
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) according to DSM-IV-TR criteria in Spanish children exposed to chronic abuse, and to establish the differences in PTSD between children in care and those exposed to intimate partner violence. Method: A total of 211 children (8-17 years old) (Abuse Group; EG=102, Control Group; CG=109). Results: The prevalence of PTSD was 1.8% in the control group and 16.7% in abuse children. The PTSD prevalence is significantly higher in EG than in CG. Among boys there was no significant difference between EG and CG, and in girls was significantly higher in EG than CG. Conclusion: Children exposed to intimate partner violence have the same prevalence of PTSD as direct victims of abuse and it is far higher than that found in the general population. A greater coordination among judicial, social and health services is necessary with the aim of protecting children.
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References
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Alisic, E., Zalta, A., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S., Hafstad, G., Hassanpour, K., &Smid, G. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204 (5), 335-340. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (1994). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Cuarta Edición (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2000). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Texto Revisado(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2013).Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales,5º Edición (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Boeckel, M. G., Wagner, A., &Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2017).The effects of intimate partner violence exposure on the mater-nal bond and PTSD symptoms of children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32 (7), 1127-1142. doi:10.1177/0886260515587667.
Boyer, B. A., Knolls, M. L., Kafkalas, C. M., y Tollen, L. G. (2000). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Functional Independence. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 6 (suppl): 125-133. doi: 10.1310/4FJ8-3VCH-EE0N-HNCD.
Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., yLandsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youth involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 960-970. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65.
Bustos, P., Rincón, P., y Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD SymptomScale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe, 18 (2), 113-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008.
Cala, M.J., Trigo, M.E., y Saavedra, F.J. (2016). Women's disengagement from legal proceedings for intimate partner violence: Sociodemographic and psychological variable. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8 (1), 35-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.10.002.
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., y Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: the phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010.
Castro, M., Alcántara-López, M., Martínez, A., Fernández, V., Sánchez-Meca, J., & López-Soler, J. (2017). Mother’s IPV, Child Maltreatment Type and the Presence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (9), 1077.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091077.
Cedric, S, yGoldbeck, L. (2016). Consequences of the Diagnostic Criteria Proposed for the ICD-11 on the Prevalence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 120-123. Doi: 10.1002/jts.22080.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., yPeterman, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14 (3), 263-279. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00039-0.
Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., yTredwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9.
Foa, E.B., Asnaani, A., Zang, Y., Capaldi, S., &Yeh, R. (2018). Psychometrics of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 for Trauma-Exposed Children and Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47 (1), 38-46, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1350962.
Fong, V. C., Hawes, D., & Allen, J. L. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, y Abuse, 20 (2) 149-167. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692383.
Furtado, L., Carvalhães, R., yGonçalves, S. (2009).Violência e transtorno de estressepós-traumático na infância.[Violencia y trastorno de estrés postraumático en la infancia]. Ciência&SaúdeColetiva, 14 (2), 417-433.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000200011.
Gibbs, J. A. (2001). Maintaining front-line workers in child protection: A case for refocusing supervision.Child Abuse Review, 10, 323-335. doi: 10.1002/car.707.
Havens, J. F., Gudi, O. G., Biggs, E. A., Diamond, U. N., Weis, J. R., yCloitre, M. (2012). Identification of Trauma Exposure and PTSD in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 171-178. doi: 10.1002/jts.21683.
Howell, K. H., Barnes, S. E., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016).Developmental variations in the impact of Intimate Partner Violence exposure during childhood.Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 8 (1), 43.doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v8i1.663.
Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., y Burns, B. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, Online First. June 2009. doi: 10.1177/1077559509337892.
Legault, L., Anawati, M., y Flynn, R. (2006). Factors favoring psychological resilience among fostered young people. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1024-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.10.006.
López-García, J. J. yLópez-Soler, C. (2014).Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28 (3), 230-233.doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.10.009.
Manning, L., Davies, P, yCicchetti, D. (2014). Interparental Violence and Childhood Adjustment: How and Why Maternal Sensitivity Is a Protective Factor. Childdevelopment, 85 (6), 2263-2278. doi:10.1111/cdev.12279.
OMS (2016).Child maltreatment (Fact sheet 150).Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html.
Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: For Implications Prevention and Intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6 (3), 161-170. doi: 10.1023/A:1024958332093.
Oswald, S. H., Fegert, J. M., yGoldbeck, L. (2010). Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Foster Children Following Maltreatment and Neglect.Verhaltenstherapie, 20, 37-44. doi: 10.1159/000274622.
Øverlien C. (2010). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Conclusions from the Literature and Challenges Ahead.Journal of Social Work, 10 (1), 80-97. doi: 10.1177/1468017309350663.
Rincón, P. P., Cova, F., Bustos, P., Aedo, J., y Valdivia, M. (2010).Estrés Postraumático en Niños y Adolescentes Abusados Sexualmente. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 81 (3), 234-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062010000300006.
Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., yZeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents.American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644-651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644.
Serrano-Ibáñez, E.R., Ruiz-Párraga, G.T., Esteve, R., Ramírez-Maestre, C., & López-Martínez, A.E. (2018). Validation of the child PTSD symptom scale (CPSS) in Spanish adolescents.Psicothema, 30 (1), 130-135.
Shenk, C. E., Putnam, F. W., y Noll, J. G. (2012). Experiential avoidance and the relationship between child maltreatment and PTSD symptoms: Preliminary evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 118 - 126. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.012.
Tolin, D. F., yFoa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress to disorder; to quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132 (6), 959-992. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.
Venta, A.C., & Mercado, A. (2019). Trauma Screening in Recently Immigrated Youth: Data from Two Spanish-Speaking Samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 (1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1252-8.
Ahmad, N., Hussain, S, &Munir, N. (2018). A tale of internal displacement: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among school students in Swat, Pakistan. Rawal Medical Journal, 43 (3), 511-514.
Alisic, E., Zalta, A., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S., Hafstad, G., Hassanpour, K., &Smid, G. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 204 (5), 335-340. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (1994). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Cuarta Edición (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2000). Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales, Texto Revisado(DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: APA.
Asociación Americana de Psiquiatría (APA) (2013).Manual diagnostico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales,5º Edición (DSM-5). Washington, DC: APA.
Boeckel, M. G., Wagner, A., &Grassi-Oliveira, R. (2017).The effects of intimate partner violence exposure on the mater-nal bond and PTSD symptoms of children.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32 (7), 1127-1142. doi:10.1177/0886260515587667.
Boyer, B. A., Knolls, M. L., Kafkalas, C. M., y Tollen, L. G. (2000). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients with Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury: Relationship to Functional Independence. Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 6 (suppl): 125-133. doi: 10.1310/4FJ8-3VCH-EE0N-HNCD.
Burns, B. J., Phillips, S. D., Wagner, H. R., Barth, R. P., Kolko, D. J., Campbell, Y., yLandsverk, J. (2004). Mental health need and access to mental health services by youth involved with child welfare: A national survey. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 960-970. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000127590.95585.65.
Bustos, P., Rincón, P., y Aedo, J. (2009). Validación Preliminar de la Escala Infantil de Síntomas del Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático (Child PTSD SymptomScale, CPSS) en Niños/as y Adolescentes Víctimas de Violencia Sexual. Psykhe, 18 (2), 113-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-22282009000200008.
Cala, M.J., Trigo, M.E., y Saavedra, F.J. (2016). Women's disengagement from legal proceedings for intimate partner violence: Sociodemographic and psychological variable. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 8 (1), 35-42. Doi: 10.1016/j.ejpal.2015.10.002.
Carrion, V. G., Weems, C. F., Ray, R., y Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: the phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010.
Castro, M., Alcántara-López, M., Martínez, A., Fernández, V., Sánchez-Meca, J., & López-Soler, J. (2017). Mother’s IPV, Child Maltreatment Type and the Presence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14 (9), 1077.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14091077.
Cedric, S, yGoldbeck, L. (2016). Consequences of the Diagnostic Criteria Proposed for the ICD-11 on the Prevalence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 29, 120-123. Doi: 10.1002/jts.22080.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., yPeterman, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents.Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14 (3), 263-279. doi: 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00039-0.
Foa, E. B., Johnson, K. M., Feeny, N. C., yTredwell, K. R. H. (2001). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 376-384. doi: 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_9.
Foa, E.B., Asnaani, A., Zang, Y., Capaldi, S., &Yeh, R. (2018). Psychometrics of the Child PTSD Symptom Scale for DSM-5 for Trauma-Exposed Children and Adolescents, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47 (1), 38-46, DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1350962.
Fong, V. C., Hawes, D., & Allen, J. L. (2017). A systematic review of risk and protective factors for externalizing problems in children exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. Trauma, Violence, y Abuse, 20 (2) 149-167. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017692383.
Furtado, L., Carvalhães, R., yGonçalves, S. (2009).Violência e transtorno de estressepós-traumático na infância.[Violencia y trastorno de estrés postraumático en la infancia]. Ciência&SaúdeColetiva, 14 (2), 417-433.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232009000200011.
Gibbs, J. A. (2001). Maintaining front-line workers in child protection: A case for refocusing supervision.Child Abuse Review, 10, 323-335. doi: 10.1002/car.707.
Havens, J. F., Gudi, O. G., Biggs, E. A., Diamond, U. N., Weis, J. R., yCloitre, M. (2012). Identification of Trauma Exposure and PTSD in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 171-178. doi: 10.1002/jts.21683.
Howell, K. H., Barnes, S. E., Miller, L. E., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (2016).Developmental variations in the impact of Intimate Partner Violence exposure during childhood.Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 8 (1), 43.doi: 10.5249/ jivr.v8i1.663.
Kolko, D. J., Hurlburt, M. S., Zhang, J., Barth, R. P., Leslie, L. K., y Burns, B. (2009). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents referred for child welfare investigation: A national sample of in-home and out-of-home care. Child Maltreatment, Online First. June 2009. doi: 10.1177/1077559509337892.
Legault, L., Anawati, M., y Flynn, R. (2006). Factors favoring psychological resilience among fostered young people. Children and Youth Services Review, 28, 1024-1038. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.10.006.
López-García, J. J. yLópez-Soler, C. (2014).Trastorno de estrés postraumático en escolares tras el terremoto de Lorca (España) en 2011. Gaceta Sanitaria, 28 (3), 230-233.doi: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2013.10.009.
Manning, L., Davies, P, yCicchetti, D. (2014). Interparental Violence and Childhood Adjustment: How and Why Maternal Sensitivity Is a Protective Factor. Childdevelopment, 85 (6), 2263-2278. doi:10.1111/cdev.12279.
OMS (2016).Child maltreatment (Fact sheet 150).Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacenter/factsheets/fs150/en/index.html.
Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment: For Implications Prevention and Intervention. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6 (3), 161-170. doi: 10.1023/A:1024958332093.
Oswald, S. H., Fegert, J. M., yGoldbeck, L. (2010). Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Foster Children Following Maltreatment and Neglect.Verhaltenstherapie, 20, 37-44. doi: 10.1159/000274622.
Øverlien C. (2010). Children Exposed to Domestic Violence. Conclusions from the Literature and Challenges Ahead.Journal of Social Work, 10 (1), 80-97. doi: 10.1177/1468017309350663.
Rincón, P. P., Cova, F., Bustos, P., Aedo, J., y Valdivia, M. (2010).Estrés Postraumático en Niños y Adolescentes Abusados Sexualmente. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 81 (3), 234-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0370-41062010000300006.
Scheeringa, M. S., Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P., yZeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents.American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644-651. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.644.
Serrano-Ibáñez, E.R., Ruiz-Párraga, G.T., Esteve, R., Ramírez-Maestre, C., & López-Martínez, A.E. (2018). Validation of the child PTSD symptom scale (CPSS) in Spanish adolescents.Psicothema, 30 (1), 130-135.
Shenk, C. E., Putnam, F. W., y Noll, J. G. (2012). Experiential avoidance and the relationship between child maltreatment and PTSD symptoms: Preliminary evidence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 118 - 126. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.09.012.
Tolin, D. F., yFoa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress to disorder; to quantitative review of 25 years of research.Psychological Bulletin,132 (6), 959-992. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959.
Venta, A.C., & Mercado, A. (2019). Trauma Screening in Recently Immigrated Youth: Data from Two Spanish-Speaking Samples. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28 (1), 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1252-8.
Published
2019-10-07
How to Cite
Castro Sáez, M., Martínez Pérez, A., López-Soler, C., López-García, J. J., & Alcántara-López, M. (2019). Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused Spanish children. Ciencias Psicológicas, 13(2), 378–389. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1894
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