Validación de una Escala sobre Work Engagement. Perfiles asociados a alta Performance y Satisfacción Laboral
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v11i2.1482Palavras-chave:
engagement, satisfacción laboral, performance, psicología laboral, psicología organizacionalResumo
El objetivo principal de este estudio consistía en la validación de una escala para la evaluación del work engagement -compromiso con el trabajo-, considerado como una presencia psicológica en el rol que incluye atención, absorción y energía dirigida a tareas laborales. Mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio, estimación de la consistencia interna y evidencias de validez convergente y discriminante, se confirma que la Escala Argentina de Compromiso con el Trabajo es una prueba válida y confiable para su uso en población argentina. Además, se buscó analizar si existen diferencias en los niveles de work engagement de acuerdo con variables individuales y organizacionales. Se observaron mayores niveles de atención y absorción en sujetos de menor edad y menores niveles de atención en empleados con personal a cargo. Por último, se identificaron perfiles de engagement asociados a alta performance y satisfacción laboral.
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Referências
Alarcon, G. & Edwards, J. (2011). The Relationship of Engagement, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions. Stress and Health Volume, 27(3), 294-298. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1365
Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. & Saks, A.M. (2015) Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/joepp-08-2014-0042
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1542-1556. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1542
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Balzer, W. K., Kihm, J. A., Smith, P. C., Irwin, J. L., Bachiochi, P. D., Robie, C., Sinar, E. F., & Parra, L. F. (1997). User’s manual for the Job Descriptive Index (JDI; 1997 Revision) and the Job in General (JIG) Scales. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University.
Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling With EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_7
Cameron, K. S. & Spreitzer, G. M. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cameron, K.S., Brigth, D. & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationship between organizational virtuosness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260209
Cameron, K.S., Mora, C., Leutscher, T. & Calarco, M. (2011). Effects of positive practices on organizational effectiveness. The Journal of applied Behavioral Science, 47, 266-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310395514
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S. & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of its Relations with Task and Contextual Performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Freiberg-Hoffmann, A., Stover, J. B., de la Iglesia, G., & Fernández-Liporace, M. (2013). Correlaciones policóricas y tetracóricas en estudios factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Ciencias Psicológicas, 7(2), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v7i1
Goštautaitė, B. & Bučiūnienė, I. (2015). Work engagement during lifespan: the role of interaction outside the organization and task significance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 1 9-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.05.001
Hirschfeld, R.R. & Thomas, C.H. (2008). Representations of trait engagement: Integration, additions, and mechanisms. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00011.x
Høigaard, R., Giske, R. & Sundsli, K. (2012). European Journal of Teacher Education, 35 (3), 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2011.633993
Innstrand, S.T. (2016). Occupational Differences in Work Engagement: A Longitudinal Study Among Eight Occupational Groups in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(4), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12298
James, J. B., McKechnie, S., & Swanberg, J. (2011). Predicting Employee Engagement in an AgeDiverse Retail Workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.681
Jeung, C.W. (2011). The Concept of Employee Engagement: A Comprehensive Review from a Positive
Organizational Behavior Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24, 2, 49-69. DOI: 10.1002/piq.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). ‘Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work’. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kahn, W. A. (1992). ‘To be fully there: psychological presence at work’. Human Relations, 45(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500402
Karatepe, O.M. & Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction?: A study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27 (6),1254-1278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0028
Kline, P. (2000). Handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.
Liu, J., Cho, S. & Putra, E. D. (2017). The moderating effect of self-efficacy and gender on work engagement for restaurant employees in the United States. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 624-642. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0539
Llaneza Álvarez, F. J. (2009). Ergonomía y Psicosociología Aplicada. Manual para la formación del especialista, 12ed. Valladolid: Lex Nova
Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2016). Perfiles de organizaciones positivas. Análisis de características percibidas según variables individuales, organizacionales y de resultado. Escritos de Psicología, 9(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.1103
Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2017). Influencia de las Virtudes Organizacionales sobre la performance laboral. Un estudio en organizaciones argentinas. Interdisciplinaria, en prensa.
Lupano Perugini, M.L. (2014). Organizaciones Positivas: un marco de referencia para su abordaje en Latinoamérica. Acta Psiquiátr. Psicol. Am. Lat., 60(4), 277-284.
Macey, W.H. & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Mache S., Vitzthum K., Klapp B.F., & Danzer, G. (2014) Surgeons’ work engagement: influencing factors and relations to job and life satisfaction. Surgeon, 12(4), 181–190. doi: 10.1016/j. surge.2013.11.015
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). ‘Job burnout’. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Masson, R.C., Royal, M.A., Agnew, T.G. & Fine, S. (2008). Leveraging employee engagement: The practical implications. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00009.x
Mastenbroek, N. J. J. M., Jaarsma, A. D. C., Demerouti, E., Muijtjens, A. M. M., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A. & van Beukelen, P. (2014). Burnout and engagement, and its predictors in young veterinary professionals: the influence of gender. Veterinary Record, 174(6), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101762
Muthén, B., & Kaplan D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00832.x
Nienaber, H. & Martins, N. (2014). An Employee Engagement Instrument and Framework Building on Existing Research. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p485
Nunnally, J., & Berstein, I. (1995). Psychometric theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Omar, A. (2005). La cultura organizacional de las empresas argentinas [The organizational culture of Argentine companies]. Rosario: Conicet.
Owens, B.P., Baker, W.E., Sumpter, D.M., & Cameron, K.S. (2016). Relational Energy at Work: Implications for Job Engagement and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000032
Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A. & Crawford, E. R. (2010). 7. Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects On Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53 (3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.51468988
Robertson, I.T. & Cooper, C.L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership and Organizational Development, 31(4), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011043348
Rodríguez-Montalbán, R., Martínez-Lugo, M., Sánchez-Cardona, I. (2014). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en una muestra de trabajadores en Puerto Rico. Universitas Psychologica, 13(4), 1255-1266. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-4.appu
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). ‘Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094827
Rothbard, N. P., & Patil, S. V. (2012). Being There: Work Engagement and Positive Organizational Psychology. En K. S. Cameron & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (231-243). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rothmann, S. & Rothmann, S. (2010). Factors associated with employee engagement in South Africa. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 925-937. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v36i2.925
Saks, A.M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout and: A confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Spector, P.E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Viljevac, A., Cooper-Thomas, H.D. & Saks, A. (2012). An investigation into the validity of two measures of work engagement. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 17, 3692–3709. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.639542
Zhang, Y., Rich, B. L. & LePine, J.A. (2009). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of job engagement. Presented in an interactive paper session at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management. Chicago, August 8-11.
Albrecht, S.L., Bakker, A.B., Gruman, J.A., Macey, W.H. & Saks, A.M. (2015) Employee engagement, human resource management practices and competitive advantage: An integrated approach. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 2(1), 7-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/joepp-08-2014-0042
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x
Avery, D. R., McKay, P. F., & Wilson, D. C. (2007). Engaging the aging workforce: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee engagement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1542-1556. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1542
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2008). Work engagement: An emerging concept in occupational health psychology. Work & Stress, 22(3), 187-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393649
Balzer, W. K., Kihm, J. A., Smith, P. C., Irwin, J. L., Bachiochi, P. D., Robie, C., Sinar, E. F., & Parra, L. F. (1997). User’s manual for the Job Descriptive Index (JDI; 1997 Revision) and the Job in General (JIG) Scales. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University.
Byrne, B.M. (2006). Structural Equation Modeling With EQS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Second Edition. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_7
Cameron, K. S. & Spreitzer, G. M. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cameron, K.S., Brigth, D. & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationship between organizational virtuosness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260209
Cameron, K.S., Mora, C., Leutscher, T. & Calarco, M. (2011). Effects of positive practices on organizational effectiveness. The Journal of applied Behavioral Science, 47, 266-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886310395514
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S. & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work Engagement: A Quantitative Review and Test of its Relations with Task and Contextual Performance. Personnel Psychology, 64, 89-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Freiberg-Hoffmann, A., Stover, J. B., de la Iglesia, G., & Fernández-Liporace, M. (2013). Correlaciones policóricas y tetracóricas en estudios factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios. Ciencias Psicológicas, 7(2), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v7i1
Goštautaitė, B. & Bučiūnienė, I. (2015). Work engagement during lifespan: the role of interaction outside the organization and task significance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 1 9-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.05.001
Hirschfeld, R.R. & Thomas, C.H. (2008). Representations of trait engagement: Integration, additions, and mechanisms. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 63–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00011.x
Høigaard, R., Giske, R. & Sundsli, K. (2012). European Journal of Teacher Education, 35 (3), 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2011.633993
Innstrand, S.T. (2016). Occupational Differences in Work Engagement: A Longitudinal Study Among Eight Occupational Groups in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(4), 338-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12298
James, J. B., McKechnie, S., & Swanberg, J. (2011). Predicting Employee Engagement in an AgeDiverse Retail Workforce. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(2), 173-196. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.681
Jeung, C.W. (2011). The Concept of Employee Engagement: A Comprehensive Review from a Positive
Organizational Behavior Perspective. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 24, 2, 49-69. DOI: 10.1002/piq.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). ‘Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work’. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 692–724. https://doi.org/10.2307/256287
Kahn, W. A. (1992). ‘To be fully there: psychological presence at work’. Human Relations, 45(4), 321–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500402
Karatepe, O.M. & Karadas, G. (2015). Do psychological capital and work engagement foster frontline employees’ satisfaction?: A study in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27 (6),1254-1278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-01-2014-0028
Kline, P. (2000). Handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.
Liu, J., Cho, S. & Putra, E. D. (2017). The moderating effect of self-efficacy and gender on work engagement for restaurant employees in the United States. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 624-642. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0539
Llaneza Álvarez, F. J. (2009). Ergonomía y Psicosociología Aplicada. Manual para la formación del especialista, 12ed. Valladolid: Lex Nova
Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2016). Perfiles de organizaciones positivas. Análisis de características percibidas según variables individuales, organizacionales y de resultado. Escritos de Psicología, 9(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2016.1103
Lupano Perugini, M.L. & Castro Solano, A. (2017). Influencia de las Virtudes Organizacionales sobre la performance laboral. Un estudio en organizaciones argentinas. Interdisciplinaria, en prensa.
Lupano Perugini, M.L. (2014). Organizaciones Positivas: un marco de referencia para su abordaje en Latinoamérica. Acta Psiquiátr. Psicol. Am. Lat., 60(4), 277-284.
Macey, W.H. & Schneider, B. (2008). The meaning of engagement. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.0002.x
Mache S., Vitzthum K., Klapp B.F., & Danzer, G. (2014) Surgeons’ work engagement: influencing factors and relations to job and life satisfaction. Surgeon, 12(4), 181–190. doi: 10.1016/j. surge.2013.11.015
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B. & Leiter, M. P. (2001). ‘Job burnout’. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397–422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Masson, R.C., Royal, M.A., Agnew, T.G. & Fine, S. (2008). Leveraging employee engagement: The practical implications. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1, 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9434.2007.00009.x
Mastenbroek, N. J. J. M., Jaarsma, A. D. C., Demerouti, E., Muijtjens, A. M. M., Scherpbier, A. J. J. A. & van Beukelen, P. (2014). Burnout and engagement, and its predictors in young veterinary professionals: the influence of gender. Veterinary Record, 174(6), 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101762
Muthén, B., & Kaplan D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00832.x
Nienaber, H. & Martins, N. (2014). An Employee Engagement Instrument and Framework Building on Existing Research. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p485
Nunnally, J., & Berstein, I. (1995). Psychometric theory. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
Omar, A. (2005). La cultura organizacional de las empresas argentinas [The organizational culture of Argentine companies]. Rosario: Conicet.
Owens, B.P., Baker, W.E., Sumpter, D.M., & Cameron, K.S. (2016). Relational Energy at Work: Implications for Job Engagement and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(1), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000032
Rich, B. L., LePine, J. A. & Crawford, E. R. (2010). 7. Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects On Job Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53 (3), 617-635. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2010.51468988
Robertson, I.T. & Cooper, C.L. (2010). Full engagement: The integration of employee engagement and psychological well-being. Leadership and Organizational Development, 31(4), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731011043348
Rodríguez-Montalbán, R., Martínez-Lugo, M., Sánchez-Cardona, I. (2014). Análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en una muestra de trabajadores en Puerto Rico. Universitas Psychologica, 13(4), 1255-1266. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.UPSY13-4.appu
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). ‘Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles’. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–84. https://doi.org/10.2307/3094827
Rothbard, N. P., & Patil, S. V. (2012). Being There: Work Engagement and Positive Organizational Psychology. En K. S. Cameron & G. M. Spreitzer (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (231-243). New York: Oxford University Press.
Rothmann, S. & Rothmann, S. (2010). Factors associated with employee engagement in South Africa. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 925-937. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v36i2.925
Saks, A.M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(6), 600-619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W.B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V. & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout and: A confirmative analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Spector, P.E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Viljevac, A., Cooper-Thomas, H.D. & Saks, A. (2012). An investigation into the validity of two measures of work engagement. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 17, 3692–3709. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.639542
Zhang, Y., Rich, B. L. & LePine, J.A. (2009). Transformational leadership and job performance: The mediating role of job engagement. Presented in an interactive paper session at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management. Chicago, August 8-11.
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2017-11-08
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Lupano Perugini, M. L., de la Iglesia, G., Castro Solano, A., & Fernández Liporace, M. (2017). Validación de una Escala sobre Work Engagement. Perfiles asociados a alta Performance y Satisfacción Laboral. Ciencias Psicológicas, 11(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v11i2.1482
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