NUEVAS FORMAS DE RACISMO: ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN EN LA PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL DEL PREJUICIO

Autores

  • Pablo Pascale Universidad de Salamanca

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v4i1.111

Palavras-chave:

Prejuicio, discriminación racial y étnica, nuevo racismo, Psicología Social

Resumo

¿Por qué somos racistas? En la actualidad, la amplia mayoría de la gente responderá que no es racista. Y es posible que no lo sea, al menos, conciente o voluntariamente. Durante los últimos años, la Psicología Social ha estado investigando que el racismo ya no se expresa de manera frontal, explícita. El racismo de hoy es encubierto, latente, ha cambiado y se ha adaptado al control social, se oculta bajo nuevas formas de expresión lingüística, creencias y actitudes. En la era de lo políticamente correcto, el racismo se sanciona, por ello se amolda y continúa presente sin ser confrontativo. Esto es lo que los psicólogos sociales han dado en llamar el nuevo racismo.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Aberson, C. L., Healy, M., y Romero, V. (2000). Ingroup bias and self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 157-173.

Aboud, F. E. (1980). A test of ethnocentrism with young children. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 12, 195-209.

Allport, F., Allport, G., Brown, J., Cantril, H., Doob, L., y English, H., (1939). Resolution and manifestoes of scientists. Science, 89, 166–169.

Allport, G.W. (1954). The nature of Prejudice. Reading, Mass. Addison-Wesley.

Anton, J. y Del Popolo, F. (2008). Visibilidad estadística de la población afrodescendiente de América Latina: aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL/SEGIB.

Augoustinos, M. (2009). Racism(s): one or many? International Journal of Psychology, 44, 1-3.

Augoustinos, M. y Reynolds, K. J. (2001). Prejudice, Racism, and Social Psychology. En Augoustinos y K. J. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social psychology (pp 1-23). London: Sage.

Banco Mundial (2004) Desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe ¿Ruptura con la historia?. Disponible en www.bancomundial.org.

Banco Mundial (2008). Report: Outsiders? The changing patterns of exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, DC.: WB.

Bello, A. y Paixao, A. (2008). Estado actual del cumplimiento de los derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales de la población afro-descendiente en América Latina. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.

Billig, M. (1998, July). A dead idea that won’t lie down. Searchlight. Retrieved March 20, 2008 from www.searchlightmagazine.com

Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.

Brewer, M. B. y Campbell, D. T. (1976). Ethnocentrism and intergroup attitudes: East African evidence. New York: Sage.

Brewer, M.B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: Ingroup love or outgroup hate? Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429-444.

Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice: its social psychology. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. En D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 13, (pp. 283-311). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Demoulin, S., Cortes, B., Viki, G., Rodríguez, A., Rodríguez, R., Paladino, M., y Leyens, J. Ph. (2009). The role of in-group identification in nfrahumanization. International Journal of Psychology, 44, 4–11.

Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., Vaes, J., Paladino, M. P., Gaunt, R., Cortes, B. P., y Leyens, J. Ph. (2004). Emotional prejudice can lead to infra-humanization. En W. Stroebe y M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, Vol. 15 (pp. 259–296). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.

Dion, K. (2002). The social psychology of perceived prejudice and discrimination. Canadian Psychology, 43, 1-10.

Dovidio, J. F. (2001). On Contemporary Prejudice: The Third Wave. Journal of Social Issues, 57, 829 – 849

Dovidio, J. F., Smith, J. K., Donella, A. G., y Gaertner, S. L. (1997). Racial attitudes and the death penalty. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1468-1487.

Dovidio, J. F., y Gaertner, S. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11, 315-319.

Dovidio, J., y Fazio, R. (1992). New technologies for the direct and the indirect assessment of attitudes. En J. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys (pp. 204–237). New York: Sage.

Duckitt, J. (2001). A dual-process cognitive-motivational theory of ideology and prejudice. En M. P. Zanna, (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, (Vol. 33, pp. 41-113). New York: Academic Press.

Eiser, J. R. y Stroebe, W. (1972). Categorisation and social judgment. London: Academic Press.

Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6, 169–200.

Fein, S. y Spencer, S. J. (1997). Prejudice as self-image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 31-44.

Foroohar, R. (2002, Febrero). Race in the boardroom. Newsweek, 18, 34-38.

Gaertner, S. L. y Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. En J. F. Dovidio y S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Gaertner, S. L. y. Dovidio, J. F. (1977). The subtlety of white racism, arousal and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 691-707

Gannett, L. (2001). Racism and human genome diversity research: The ethical limits of ‘‘Population Thinking. Philosophy of Science, 68, 479–492.

Gilbert, D. T., y Hixon, J. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509-517.

Giles, H (Ed. ) (1977). Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.

Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: PUP.

Hamilton, D. L. y Guifford, R. K. (1976). Illusory correlation in interpersonal perception: a cognitive basis of stereotypic judgements. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 392-407.

Henry, P. J. y Sears, D. O. (2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23, 253-283.

Hodson, G., Dovidio, J. F., y Gaertner, S. L. (2002). Processes in racial discrimination: Differential weighting of conflicting information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 460-471.

Jackson, J. S., Brown, K. T., y Kirby, D. C. (1998). International perspectives on prejudice and racism. En J. L. Eberhardt y S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 101–135). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kalmijn, M. (1998). Intermarriage and homogamy: Causes, patterns, trends. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 395-421.

Katz, I. (1981). Stigma: A social psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kinder, D., y Sears, D. O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431.

Krueger, J. y Clement, R. w. (1994). Memory-based judgments about multiple categories: a revision and extension of Tajfel’s Accentuation Theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 35-47.

LeVine, R. A., y Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. New York: Wiley.

Leyens, J. Ph., Cortes, B. P., Demoulin, S., Dovidio, J., Fiske, S. T., Gaunt, R., Paladino, M. P., Rodriguez, A. P., Rodriguez, R. T., y Vaes, V. (2003). Emotional prejudice, essentialism, and nationalism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 704–707.

Leyens, J. Ph., Paladino, P. M., Rodriguez, R. T., Vaes, J., Demoulin, S., Rodriguez, A. P., y Gaunt, R. (2000). The emotional side of prejudice: The role of secondary emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 186–197.

Linville, P. W. (1998). The heterogeneity of homogeneity. En J. M. Darley y J. Cooper (Eds), Attribution and social interaction: The legacy of Edward E. Jones (pp. 423-462). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Mackie, D. M., Queller, S., Stroessner, S. J., y Halmilton, D. L. (1996). Stereotypes better or worse: Multiple roles of positive affect in group impressions. En R. M. Sorrentino y E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handlbook of motivation and cogntion: the interpersonal context (pp. 371-396). New York: Guilford Press.

McConahay, J. B. (1983). Modern racism and modern discrimination: the effects of race, racial attitudes, and context on simulated hiring decisions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 551-558.

McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. En J. F. Dovidio y S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61-89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.

Munné, F. (1986). La construcción de la psicología social como ciencia teórica. Barcelona, Alamex.

Paladino, M. P., Vaes, J., Castano, E., Demoulin, S., y Leyens, J. Ph. (2004). Emotional infra-humanisation in intergroup relations: The role of national identities in the attribution of primary and secondary emotions to Italians and Germans. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive/Current Cognitive Psychology, 22, 519–536.

Paladino, P. M., Leyens, J. Ph., Rodriguez, R. T., Rodriguez, A. P., Gaunt, R., y Demoulin, S. (2002). Differential association of uniquely and nonuniquely human emotions to the in-group and the out-groups. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 5, 105–117.

Pascale, P. (2008). La creatividad: un análisis de la literatura científica publicada y del impacto de los modelos de confluencia. Trabajo presentado en el Congreso Internacional de Innovación y Creatividad, Octubre, Loulé.

Pérez, J. A., Moscovici, S., y Chulvi, B. (2007). The taboo against group contact. Hypothesis of Gypsy ontologization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 249-272.

Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Prejudice and discrimination on the college campus. En J. L. Eberhardt y S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Confronting racism: The problem and the response (pp. 263–279). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., Meertens, R. W., van Dick, R. y Zick, A. (2008). Relative Deprivation and Intergroup Prejudice. Journal of Social Issues. 64, 385-401.

Pettigrew, T. F., y Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75.

Richards, G. (1997). Race, racism and psychology: Towards a reflexive history. New York: Routledge.

Roncarati, A., Pérez, J. A., Ravenna, M., & Navarro-Pertusa, E. (2009). Mixing against culture vs mixing against nature: Ontologization of prohibited interethnic relationships. International Journal of Psychology, 44, 12–19.

Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. En P.A. Katz y D.A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53-84). New York: Plenum.

Stephan, W. G., y Stephan, C. W. (1985). Intergroup anxiety. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 157-175.

Tajfel, H. (1959). Quantitative judgment in social perception. British Journal of Psychology, 50, 16-29

Tajfel, H. y Fraser, C. (1978). Introducing social psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.

Tajfel, H. y Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel y L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chigago: Nelson-Hall

Tajfel, H. y Wilkes, A. L. (1963). Clasiffication and quantitative judgment. British Journal of Psychology, 54, 101-114.

Thompson, S. K. (1975). Gender labels and early sex-role development. Child Development , 46, 339-347.

Vala, J. (2009). Editorial: Expressions of “new” racism. International Jorunal of Psychology. 44, 1-3.

Vala, J., Pereira, C., & Costa-Lopes, R. (2009). Is the attribution of cultural differences to minorities an expression of racial prejudice? International Journal of Psychology, 44, 20–28.

Walker, I. (2001). The changing nature of racism: From old to new?. En Augoustinos y K. J. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social psychology (pp 24-42). London: Sage.

Wilder, D. A., & Shapiro, P. N. (1999). Effects of anxiety on impression formation in a group context: An anxiety-assimilation hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 481-499.

Williams, J. E. y Morland, J. K. (1976). Race, colour and the young child. Chapel Hill: UNC Press.

Yee, M. D. y Brown, R. (1994). The development of gender differentiation in young vhildern. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 183-196.

Zack, N. (2002) Race and Racial Discrimination. En H. Lafollette (ed), Oxford Hand Book of Practical Ethics. Oxford University Press, pp. 245-271.

Publicado

2010-05-30

Como Citar

Pascale, P. (2010). NUEVAS FORMAS DE RACISMO: ESTADO DE LA CUESTIÓN EN LA PSICOLOGÍA SOCIAL DEL PREJUICIO. Ciencias Psicológicas, 4(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v4i1.111

Edição

Secção

COMUNICAÇÃO

Artigos Similares

<< < > >> 

Também poderá iniciar uma pesquisa avançada de similaridade para este artigo.