O papel da autoeficácia, da autoestima e do autoconceito na depressão em adolescentes

Daiane  Nunes; André Faro

doi:10.22235/cp.v15i2.2164

Authors

Daiane Nunes Universidade Federal de Sergipe https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8680-0206
André Faro Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7348-6297

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v15i2.2164

Keywords:

depression, self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-concept, adolescent

Abstract

This study sought to assess the relationship between self-efficacy, self-esteem, self-concept and depression in adolescents. For this purpose, we tracked depressive symptoms and the levels of self-efficacy, self-esteem and self-concept, as well as the ability to predict these constructs on symptoms. Finally, we checked if there is a relationship between predictor(s) and symptoms moderated by gender and age. The sample consisted of 501 adolescents, with a mean age of 16.4 years. Almost half of the adolescents had a positive screening diagnosis for depression and moderate levels in the three constructs. Only self-efficacy was a negative predictor of symptomatology, and this relationship didn’t suffer from the interaction of the sex or age. The results show the relevance of self-efficacy in understanding the occurrence of depression in this group, providing support for its diagnosis, preventive actions and treatment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

André Faro, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS)

Doutor em Psicologia pela Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA). Docente do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Pesquisador Bolsista Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq - Nível 2.

References

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bandura, A., Pastorelli, C., Barbaranelli, C. & Caprara, G. V. (1999). Self-efficacy pathways to childhood depression. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 76(2), 258. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.258

Baptista, M. N., Borges, L. & Serpa, A. L. O. (2017). Gender and age-related differences in depressive symptoms among Brazilian children and adolescents. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 27(68), 290-297. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272768201706

Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F. & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press

Bhatta, S., Champion, J. D., Young, C. & Loika, E. (2018). Outcomes of depression screening among adolescents accessing school-based pediatric primary care clinic services. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 38, 8-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.10.001

Carlsen, K., Haddad, N., Gordon, J., Phan, B. L., Pittman, N., Benkov, K., ... & Keefer, L. (2017). Self-efficacy and resilience are useful predictors of transition readiness scores in adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 23(3), 341-346. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000001038

Chang, C. W., Yuan, R. & Chen, J. K. (2018). Social support and depression among Chinese adolescents: The mediating roles of self-esteem and self-efficacy. Children and Youth Services Review, 88, 128-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.03.001

Chui, W. H. & Wong, M. Y. (2016). Gender differences in happiness and life satisfaction among adolescents in Hong Kong: Relationships and self-concept. Social Indicators Research, 125(3), 1035-1051. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0867-z

Claster, P. N. & Blair, S. L. (2017). Self‐efficacy and future adult roles: Gender differences in adolescents’ perceptions. Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 5, 17-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.15640/jssw.v5n1a3

D’Lima, G. M., Winsler, A. & Kitsantas, A. (2014). Ethnic and gender differences in first-year college students’ goal orientation, self-efficacy, and extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. The Journal of Educational Research, 107(5), 341-356. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2013.823366

Edwards, J. R. & Lambert, L. S. (2007). Methods for integrating moderation and Mediation: A general analytical framework using moderated path analysis. Psychological Methods, 12(1), 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.12.1.1

Field, A. (2009). Descobrindo a estatística usando o SPSS-2. Bookman Editora.

Galicia-Moyeda, I. X., Sánchez-Velasco, A. & Robles-Ojeda, F. (2013). Autoeficacia en escolares adolescentes: su relación con la depresión, el rendimiento académico y las relaciones familiares. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29(2), 491-500.

García, F. & Musitu, G. (2014). Manual Af-5. Autoconcepto forma 5. Madrid: TEA ediciones.

Gonzálvez, C., Kearney, C. A., Jiménez-Ayala, C. E., Sanmartín, R., Vicent, M., Inglés, C. J. & García-Fernández, J. M. (2018). Functional profiles of school refusal behavior and their relationship with depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychiatry Research, 269, 140-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.069

Guerra, C., Farkas, C. & Moncada, L. (2018). Depression, anxiety and PTSD in sexually abused adolescents: Association with self-efficacy, coping and family support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 310-320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.013

Harter, S. (1985). Competence as a dimension of self-evaluation: Toward a comprehensive model of self-worth. In R. L. Leahy (Ed.), The development of the self (pp. 55-121). New York: Academic Press.

Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling (Unpublished manuscript). The Ohio State University, Colombus.

Hutz, C. S. (2000). Adaptação da escala de autoestima de Rosenberg (Unpublished manuscript). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre.

Johnson, D. P. & Whisman, M. A. (2013). Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 367-374. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019

Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L. & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ‐9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606-613. doi: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x

Lara, M. A., Patiño, P., Navarrete, L., Hernández, Z. & Nieto, L. (2017). Association between depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors and perception of maternal self-efficacy in teenage mothers. Salud Mental, 40(5), 201-208.

Lewis, A. J., Kremer, P., Douglas, K., Toumborou, J. W., Hameed, M. A., Patton, G. C. & Williams, J. (2015). Gender differences in adolescent depression: Differential female susceptibility to stressors affecting family functioning. Australian Journal of Psychology, 67(3), 131-139. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12086

Lima, O. F., Mendes, A. V., Crippa, J. A. & Loureiro, S. R. (2009). Study of the Discriminative Validity of the PHQ‐9 and PHQ‐2 in a Sample of Brazilian Women in the Context of Primary Health Care. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 45(3), 216-227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.2009.00224.x

Lopes, C. S., Abreu, G. D. A., Santos, D. F. D., Menezes, P. R., Carvalho, K. M. B. D., Cunha, C. D. F., ... & Szklo, M. (2016). ERICA: Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns em adolescentes brasileiros. Revista de Saúde Pública, 50, 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S01518-8787.2016050006690

Moeini, B., Bashirian, S., Soltanian, A. R., Ghaleiha, A. & Taheri, M. (2019). Prevalence of depression and its associated sociodemographic factors among Iranian female adolescents in secondary schools. BMC psychology, 7(1), 25. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0298-8

Morton, M. H. & Montgomery, P. (2012). Youth empowerment programs for improving adolescents’ self-efficacy and self-esteem: A systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice, 23(1), 22-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731512459967

Muris, P., Meesters, C., Pierik, A. & de Kock, B. (2016). Good for the self: Self-compassion and other self-related constructs in relation to symptoms of anxiety and depression in non-clinical youths. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(2), 607-617. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0235-2

Ndika, N. A., Olagbaiye, F. & Agiobu-Kemmer, I. (2009). Age differences in irrational beliefs, self-efficacy and self-confidence of adolescents in a Nigerian secondary school. Psychology and Education, 46(3), 16.

Orth, U. & Robins, R. W. (2014). The development of self-esteem. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23, 381-387. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414547414

Patton, G. C., Coffey, C., Romaniuk, H., Mackinnon, A., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., ... & Moran, P. (2014). The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: A 14-year prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 383(9926), 1404-1411. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62116-9

Rodriguez, S. N. & Loos-Sant'Ana, H. (2015). Self-concept, self-esteem and self-efficacy: The role of self-beliefs in the coping process of socially vulnerable adolescents. Journal of Latino/Latin American Studies, 7(1), 33-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.18085/1549-9502-7.1.33

Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Klein, D. N., Seeley, J. R. & Gau, J. M. (2014). Key characteristics of major depressive disorder occurring in childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood. Clinical Psychological Science, 1(1), 41-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702612457599

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Measures Package, 61(52), 18.

Sarriera, J. C., Casas, F., Bedin, L. M., Cruz, D. V. A., Santos, B. R., Borges, F. C., ... & González, M. (2015). Propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Autoconceito Multidimensional em adolescentes brasileiros. Avaliação Psicológica: Interamerican Journal of Psychological Assessment, 14(2), 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.15689/ap.2015.1402.13

Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright & M. Johnston (Eds.). Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs (pp. 35-37). Windsor: Nfer-Nelson.

Scott, W. D., Dearing, E., Reynolds, W. R., Lindsay, J. E., Baird, G. L. & Hamill, S. (2008). Cognitive Self‐Regulation and Depression: Examining Academic Self‐Efficacy and Goal Characteristics in Youth of a Northern Plains Tribe. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 18(2), 379-394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2008.00564.x

Shoshani, A. & Steinmetz, S. (2014). Positive psychology at school: A school-based intervention to promote adolescents’ mental health and well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15(6), 1289-1311. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9476-1

Souza, I. & Souza, M. A. D. (2004). Validação da escala de autoeficácia geral percebida. Revista Universidade Rural: Série Ciências Humanas, 26(1-2), 12-17

Steiger, A. E., Allemand, M., Robins, R. W. & Fend, H. A. (2014). Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(2), 325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035133

Stoddard, S. A. & Pierce, J. (2015). Promoting positive future expectations during adolescence: The role of assets. American Journal of Community Psychology, 56(3-4), 332-341. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-015-9754-7

Sznitman, G. A., Zimmermann, G. & Van P. S. (2019). Further insight into adolescent personal identity statuses: Differences based on self-esteem, family climate, and family communication. Journal of Adolescence, 71, 99-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.01.003

Tak, Y. R., Brunwasser, S. M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A. & Engels, R. C. (2017). The prospective associations between self-efficacy and depressive symptoms from early to middle adolescence: A cross-lagged model. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 744-756. doi: https://doi.org/0.1007/s10964-016-0614-z

Thapar, A., Collishaw, S., Pine, D. S. & Thapar, A. K. (2012). Depression in adolescence. The Lancet, 379(9820), 1056-1067. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4

Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L. & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376

Van Noorden, M. S., Minkenberg, S. E., Giltay, E. J., den Hollander-Gijsman, M. E., Van Rood, Y. R., Van Der Wee, N. J. & Zitman, F. G. (2011). Pre-adult versus adult onset major depressive disorder in a naturalistic patient sample: The Leiden Routine Outcome Monitoring Study. Psychological Medicine, 41(7), 1407-1417. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710002199

World Health Organization [WHO]. (2014). Health for the world’s adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. Geneva: WHO.

Wright, D. R., Katon, W. J., Ludman, E., McCauley, E., Oliver, M., Lindenbaum, J. & Richardson, L. P. (2016). Association of adolescent depressive symptoms with health care utilization and payer-incurred expenditures. Academic Pediatrics, 16(1), 82-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2015.08.013

Yang, X., Lau, J. T. & Lau, M. C. (2018). Predictors of remission from probable depression among Hong Kong adolescents–A large-scale longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 229, 491-497. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.080