Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale: psychometrics evidences in the Brazilian northeast
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1885Keywords:
loneliness, university students, scale, validity, reliabilityAbstract
The research aimed to adapt the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA) to Brazil, gathering evidence of validity and accuracy. Two studies were carried out: in Study 1, 319 university students (Mage= 24.36) answered the SELSA and demographic questions. The exploratory factor analysis results indicated a three-factor structure (Family, Romantic and Social), explaining 70.38% of the total variance, with a Cronbach's alpha (α) ranging from .84 to .92; in Study 2, with 200 university students (Mage= 25.35) who answered the same instruments of the previous study. Confirmatory factorial analysis indicated adequate indicators (CFI = 0.98, TLI = .98, RMSEA = .07, Pclose = .06). Reliability was satisfactory (.77 to .93). It is concluded that the instrument presented good psychometric parameters, being an alternative tool for researchers investigating loneliness and its correlates, proposing new studies with a more representative sample.
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References
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Adamczyk, K., & DiTommaso, E. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Polish Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Psihologijske teme, 23(3), 327-341. Recuperado de https://hrcak.srce.hr/130657
Asher, S. R., & Weeks, M. S. (2014). Loneliness and belongingness in the college years. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 283-301). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Augusto, S., Oliveira, R. A., & Pocinho, M. (2008). Solidão e Envelhecimento nos Doentes Reumáticos. Interacções, 15, 69-94. Recuperado de: http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/263
Belford J.E. (2017) Loneliness in Modern Life. In: Shackelford T., Weekes Shackelford V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer: Cham.
Borges, A., Prieto, P., Ricchetti, G., Hernández-Jorge, C., & Rodríguez-Naveiras, E. (2008). Validación cruzada de la factorización del Test UCLA de Soledad. Psicothema, 20(4), 924-927. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/PDF/3576.pdf
Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012) Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: algumas considerações. Paidéia, 22(53), 423-432. doi: 10.1590/S0103-863X2012000300014
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cecen, A. (2007). The Turkish short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S): Initial development and validation. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 35(6), 717-734. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.6.717
Chen, I. C., (2015). The scale for the loneliness of college students in Taiwan. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 27-43. doi: 10.5539/jedp.v5n1p27
Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2014). Testagem e avaliação psicológica: Introdução a testes e medidas (8º ed.) São Paulo: AMGH.
Cotten, S. R., Anderson, W. A., & McCullough, B. M. (2013). Impact of Internet Use on Loneliness and Contact with Others Among Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(2), 39. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2306
Cramer, K. M., & Barry, J. E. (1999). Conceptualizations and measures of loneliness: A comparison of subscales. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(3), 491-502. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00257-8
Dahlberg, L., & McKee, K. L. (2014). Correlates of social and emotional loneliness in older people: evidence from an English community study. Aging and Mental Health, 18(4), 504-514. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.856863
Darcin, A. E., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016) Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520-525. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121-130. doi:10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
De Jong Gierveld, J. J., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). New Ways of Theorizing and Conducting Research in the Field of Loneliness and Social Isolation. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, 2nd revised edition. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
DiTomasso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3.
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12046
Expósito, F., & Moya, M. (1999). Soledad y Apoyo Social. Revista de Psicología Social 14(2-3), 297-316. doi: 10.1174/021347499760260000
Ferreira, D. S. S (2012). A relação entre o isolamento social e o sentimento de solidão em jovens adolescentes (Dissertação de mestrado). Instituto Universitário Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Portugal.
Fonsêca, P. N., Couto, R. N., Melo, C. C. V., Guimarães, L. A. C., & Pessoa, V. S. A. (2018). Redes sociais e solidão: relação e evidências psicométricas de escalas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 70(3), 198-212. Recuperado de http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672018000300014&lng=pt.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-37. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
Jowkar, B. (2012). Psychometric properties of the short form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S). Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 311-317. Recuperado de http://www.behavsci.ir/article_67748.html
Kuznier, T. P., Souza, C. C., Mata, L. R. F., & Chianca, T. C. M. (2016). Propriedades psicométricas da escala de solidão da UCLA: revisão integrativa. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro-Oeste Mineiro, 6(2), 2271-2281. doi: 10.19175/recom.v6i2.1399
Lara, S. A. D. (2014). ¿Matrices Policóricas/Tetracóricas o Matrices Pearson? Un estudio metodológico. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 6(1), 39-48. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=333430869006
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods, 38(1), 88-91. doi: 10.3758/BF03192753
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de equações estruturais: fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. (2ª Ed.). Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal: Report Number.
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2014). Mplus user´s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthen.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ouakinin, S., & Barreira, D. P. (2015). Solidão e saúde mental. Acta Médica Porto, 28(1), 130-132. Recuperado de https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/6162/4224
Pasquali, L. (2016). TEP – Técnicas de Exame Psicológico: Os Fundamentos. (2ª ed). São Paulo, SP: Vetor editora.
Pikea, P., Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2016) Psychometric Properties of the Greek-University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale-Version 3 in a Sample of People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. World Journal of AIDS, 6(4), 157-168. doi: 10.4236/wja.2016.64018
Pocinho, M., & Macedo, E. (2017). Solidão: Um Construto Complexo. Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, 32, 53-66. Recuperado de http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/399/415
Pocinho, M., Farate, C., & Dias, C. A. (2010). Validação Psicométrica da Escala UCLA-Loneliness para Idosos Portugueses. Interações, 18(10), 65-77. Recuperado de http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/304
Reichl, C., Schneider, J. F., & Spinath, F. M. (2013). Relation of self-talk frequency to loneliness, need to belong, and health in German adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 241-245. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.003
Revelle, W. R. (Photographer). (2017). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Software. Recuparado de https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
Russell, D. (1982). The measurement of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 81-104). New York: John Wiley.
Russell, D, Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminate validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7431205
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Salimi, A., & Bozorgpour, F. (2012). Percieved Social Support and Social-Emotional Loneliness. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2009-2013. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.158
Scalise, J., Ginter, E., & Gerstein, L. (1984). A multidimensional loneliness measure: The Loneliness Rating Scale (LRS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(5), 525-530. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa480512
Schmidt, N., & Sermat, V. (1983). Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 1038-1047. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.5.1038
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, D., Cutts, J., Lees, I., Mapungwana, S., & Maunganidze, L. (1992). Psychometric properties of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and two short-form measures of loneliness in Zimbabwe. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59(1), 72-81. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5901_7
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.) New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Tan, C., M. Pamuk, M., & Dönder, A. (2013). Loneliness and Mobile Phone. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 103(26), 606-611. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.378.
Yarnoz-Yaben, S. (2008). Adaptación al castellano de la escala para la evaluación de la soledad social y emocional en adultos SESLA-S. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8(1), 103-116. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=5608010
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωH): Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123-133. doi: 10.1007/s11336-003-
Adamczyk, K., & DiTommaso, E. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Polish Version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). Psihologijske teme, 23(3), 327-341. Recuperado de https://hrcak.srce.hr/130657
Asher, S. R., & Weeks, M. S. (2014). Loneliness and belongingness in the college years. In R. J. Coplan & J. C. Bowker (Eds.), The Handbook of Solitude: Psychological perspectives on social isolation, social withdrawal, and being alone (pp. 283-301). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Augusto, S., Oliveira, R. A., & Pocinho, M. (2008). Solidão e Envelhecimento nos Doentes Reumáticos. Interacções, 15, 69-94. Recuperado de: http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/263
Belford J.E. (2017) Loneliness in Modern Life. In: Shackelford T., Weekes Shackelford V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer: Cham.
Borges, A., Prieto, P., Ricchetti, G., Hernández-Jorge, C., & Rodríguez-Naveiras, E. (2008). Validación cruzada de la factorización del Test UCLA de Soledad. Psicothema, 20(4), 924-927. Recuperado de http://www.psicothema.com/PDF/3576.pdf
Borsa, J. C., Damásio, B. F., & Bandeira, D. R. (2012) Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: algumas considerações. Paidéia, 22(53), 423-432. doi: 10.1590/S0103-863X2012000300014
Byrne, B. (2010). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Cecen, A. (2007). The Turkish short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S): Initial development and validation. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 35(6), 717-734. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.6.717
Chen, I. C., (2015). The scale for the loneliness of college students in Taiwan. Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 5(1), 27-43. doi: 10.5539/jedp.v5n1p27
Cohen, R. J., Swerdlik, M. E., & Sturman, E. D. (2014). Testagem e avaliação psicológica: Introdução a testes e medidas (8º ed.) São Paulo: AMGH.
Cotten, S. R., Anderson, W. A., & McCullough, B. M. (2013). Impact of Internet Use on Loneliness and Contact with Others Among Older Adults: Cross-Sectional Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(2), 39. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2306
Cramer, K. M., & Barry, J. E. (1999). Conceptualizations and measures of loneliness: A comparison of subscales. Personality and Individual Differences, 27(3), 491-502. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00257-8
Dahlberg, L., & McKee, K. L. (2014). Correlates of social and emotional loneliness in older people: evidence from an English community study. Aging and Mental Health, 18(4), 504-514. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.856863
Darcin, A. E., Kose, S., Noyan, C. O., Nurmedov, S., Yılmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2016) Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety and loneliness. Behaviour & Information Technology, 35(7), 520-525. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2016.1158319
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Van Tilburg, T. (2010). The De Jong Gierveld short scales for emotional and social loneliness: Tested on data from 7 countries in the UN generations and gender surveys. European Journal of Ageing, 7(2), 121-130. doi:10.1007/s10433-010-0144-6
De Jong Gierveld, J. J., Van Tilburg, T. G., & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). New Ways of Theorizing and Conducting Research in the Field of Loneliness and Social Isolation. In A. L. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships, 2nd revised edition. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
DiTomasso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3.
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12046
Expósito, F., & Moya, M. (1999). Soledad y Apoyo Social. Revista de Psicología Social 14(2-3), 297-316. doi: 10.1174/021347499760260000
Ferreira, D. S. S (2012). A relação entre o isolamento social e o sentimento de solidão em jovens adolescentes (Dissertação de mestrado). Instituto Universitário Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Portugal.
Fonsêca, P. N., Couto, R. N., Melo, C. C. V., Guimarães, L. A. C., & Pessoa, V. S. A. (2018). Redes sociais e solidão: relação e evidências psicométricas de escalas. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 70(3), 198-212. Recuperado de http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1809-52672018000300014&lng=pt.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-37. doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
Jowkar, B. (2012). Psychometric properties of the short form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S). Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 5(4), 311-317. Recuperado de http://www.behavsci.ir/article_67748.html
Kuznier, T. P., Souza, C. C., Mata, L. R. F., & Chianca, T. C. M. (2016). Propriedades psicométricas da escala de solidão da UCLA: revisão integrativa. Revista de Enfermagem do Centro-Oeste Mineiro, 6(2), 2271-2281. doi: 10.19175/recom.v6i2.1399
Lara, S. A. D. (2014). ¿Matrices Policóricas/Tetracóricas o Matrices Pearson? Un estudio metodológico. Revista Argentina de Ciencias del Comportamiento, 6(1), 39-48. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=333430869006
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). FACTOR: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods, 38(1), 88-91. doi: 10.3758/BF03192753
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de equações estruturais: fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. (2ª Ed.). Pêro Pinheiro, Portugal: Report Number.
McDonald, R. P. (1999). Test Theory: A Unified Treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2014). Mplus user´s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthen.
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ouakinin, S., & Barreira, D. P. (2015). Solidão e saúde mental. Acta Médica Porto, 28(1), 130-132. Recuperado de https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/6162/4224
Pasquali, L. (2016). TEP – Técnicas de Exame Psicológico: Os Fundamentos. (2ª ed). São Paulo, SP: Vetor editora.
Pikea, P., Parpa, E., Tsilika, E., Galanos, A., & Mystakidou, K. (2016) Psychometric Properties of the Greek-University of California, Los Angeles Loneliness Scale-Version 3 in a Sample of People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. World Journal of AIDS, 6(4), 157-168. doi: 10.4236/wja.2016.64018
Pocinho, M., & Macedo, E. (2017). Solidão: Um Construto Complexo. Interações: Sociedade e as novas modernidades, 32, 53-66. Recuperado de http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/399/415
Pocinho, M., Farate, C., & Dias, C. A. (2010). Validação Psicométrica da Escala UCLA-Loneliness para Idosos Portugueses. Interações, 18(10), 65-77. Recuperado de http://www.interacoes-ismt.com/index.php/revista/article/view/304
Reichl, C., Schneider, J. F., & Spinath, F. M. (2013). Relation of self-talk frequency to loneliness, need to belong, and health in German adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 241-245. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.003
Revelle, W. R. (Photographer). (2017). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Software. Recuparado de https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=psych
Russell, D. (1982). The measurement of loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research, and therapy (pp. 81-104). New York: John Wiley.
Russell, D, Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminate validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480. Recuperado de https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7431205
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 290-294. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Salimi, A., & Bozorgpour, F. (2012). Percieved Social Support and Social-Emotional Loneliness. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2009-2013. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.158
Scalise, J., Ginter, E., & Gerstein, L. (1984). A multidimensional loneliness measure: The Loneliness Rating Scale (LRS). Journal of Personality Assessment, 48(5), 525-530. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa480512
Schmidt, N., & Sermat, V. (1983). Measuring loneliness in different relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(5), 1038-1047. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.44.5.1038
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, D., Cutts, J., Lees, I., Mapungwana, S., & Maunganidze, L. (1992). Psychometric properties of the revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and two short-form measures of loneliness in Zimbabwe. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59(1), 72-81. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5901_7
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.) New Jersey: Pearson Education.
Tan, C., M. Pamuk, M., & Dönder, A. (2013). Loneliness and Mobile Phone. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Science, 103(26), 606-611. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.378.
Yarnoz-Yaben, S. (2008). Adaptación al castellano de la escala para la evaluación de la soledad social y emocional en adultos SESLA-S. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8(1), 103-116. Recuperado de http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=5608010
Zinbarg, R. E., Revelle, W., Yovel, I., & Li, W. (2005). Cronbach’s α, Revelle’s β, and McDonald’s ωH): Their relations with each other and two alternative conceptualizations of reliability. Psychometrika, 70(1), 123-133. doi: 10.1007/s11336-003-
Published
2019-10-03
How to Cite
Guimarães Amorim, L. A., Nunes da Fonsêca, P., Marcolino Alves Machado, G., Cardoso Guimarães, C. L., & Nascimento da Silva, P. G. (2019). Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale: psychometrics evidences in the Brazilian northeast. Ciencias Psicológicas, 13(2), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1885
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
