BASES NEUROBIOLÓGICAS DEL APEGO. REVISIÓN TEMÁTICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v5i1.101Palabras clave:
apego, neurobiología, desarrollo, reguladores, epigenéticaResumen
La teoría psicológica del apego, formulada originalmente por Bowlby en la década del 50, ha permitido profundizar el conocimiento del vínculo madre-bebé, identificar sus patologías y evaluar su influencia en las relaciones afectivas adultas. Actualmente, numerosos avances en el campo de las Neurociencias ofrecen la posibilidad de comprender la dimensión biológica del apego. En este artículo, se revisan tres modelos que explican aspectos de la misma: el modelo evolutivo del sistema afectivo de Cuidado de Panksepp, mediado principalmente por la oxcitocina, el sistema de los reguladores ocultos de Hofer y Sullivan y la regulación epigenética del estrés de Meaney. Si bien estos modelos surgen de la investigación animal, tienen importantes implicancias para el estudio de la conducta humana, especialmente en la interacción entre genética, desarrollo y psicopatología.
Descargas
Citas
Ainsworth, M.D. (1969). Object relations, dependency, and attachment: a theoretical review of the infant-mother relationship. Child Development, 40, 969-1025.
Agrawal, H.R., Gunderson, J., Holmes, B.M y Lyons-Ruth, K. (2004). Attachment Studies with borderline patients: a review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(2): 94–104.
Alberch, P., Gould, S. J., Oster, G. F., & Wake, D. B. (1979). Size and shape in ontogeny and phylogeny. Paleobiology, 5(3), 296-317.
Bale, T. L., Picetti, R., Contarino, A., Koob, G. F., Vale, W. W., & Lee, K.-F. (2002). Mice deficient for both corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) and CRFR2 have an impaired stress response and display sexually dichotomous anxiety-like behavior. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 22(1), 193-9.
Bale, T. L., & Vale, W. W. (2004). CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 44, 525-57.
Bateson, P. (1990). Is Imprinting Such a Special Case? Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 329(1253), 125-131.
Bowlby, J. (1958). The nature of the child´s tie to his mother. International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 39, 350-373.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London: Tavistock
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss (Volume 1) Attachment. London: Hogarth
Carretié, L., Albert, J., López-Martín, S., & Tapia, M. (2009). Negative brain: an integrative review on the neural processes activated by unpleasant stimuli. International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 71(1), 57-63.
Champagne, D. L., Bagot, R. C., Hasselt, F. van, Ramakers, G., Meaney, M. J., Kloet, E. R. de, et al. (2008). Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: evidencefor experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 28(23), 6037-45.
Crowell, J. A., & Treboux, D. (1995). A Review of Adult Attachment Measures: Implications for Theory and Research. Social Development, 4, 294-327.
Dantagnan, M. (2005). Los trastornos del apego: elementos diagnósticos y terapéuticos. En Barudy, J. y Dantagnan, M. Los buenos tratos a la infancia. Parentalidad, apego y resiliencia. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Darwin, Ch. (1946). La expresión de las emociones. (Trad. J. Mateos). Buenos Aires: Intermundo.
Dolcos, F., LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2005). Remembering one year later: role of the amygdala and the medial temporal lobe memory system in retrieving emotional memories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(7), 2626-31.
Ferguson, J N, Aldag, J. M., Insel, T R, & Young, L J. (2001). Oxytocin in the medial amygdala is essential for social recognition in the mouse. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 21(20), 8278-85.
Ferguson, Jennifer N, Young, Larry J, & Insel, Thomas R. (2002). The neuroendocrine basis of social recognition. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, 23(2), 200-24.
Gordon, I., Zagoory-Sharon, O., Leckman, J. F., & Feldman, R. (2010). Oxytocin and the Development of Parenting in Humans. Biological psychiatry, 68(4), 377-382.
Graves, F. C., Wallen, K., & Maestripieri, D. (2002). Opioids and attachment in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) abusive mothers. Behavioral Neuroscience, 116(3), 489-493.
Harlow, H. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685.
Heimer, L., & Van Hoesen, G. (2008). The limbic lobe and its output channels: Implications for emotional functions and adaptative behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 126-147.
Hofer, M. (2006).Psychobiological Roots of Early Attachment.Current Directions in Psychological Science,15(2),84-88.
Hofer, M. & Sullivan R. M. (2001). Toward a Neurobiology of Attachment. En Nelson, Ch. A. y Luciana, M. (Eds). Handbook of Developmental CognitiveNeuroscience. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Kandel, E. (1998). A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. The American journal of psychiatry, 155(4), 457-69.
Kandel, E. (1999). A New Intellectual Framework for Psychiatry Revisited. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, (April), 505-524.
Kandel, E., Schawrtz, J., & Jessell, T. (2000). Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kendler, K., & Greenspan, R. J. (2006). The Nature of Genetic Influences on Behavior : Lessons From “Simpler” Organisms. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 163, 1683-1694.
LeDoux, J. E. (2000). Emotions Circuits in the Brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 155-184.
Levy, K., Ellison, W., Scott, L., & Bernecker, S. (2011). Attachment Style. Journal of clinical psychology, 67(2), 193–203.
Lorenz, K. (1973). Why waterfowl? International Zoo Yearbook, 13(1), 1-6.
Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Cladji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., et al. (1997). Maternal Care, Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress. Science, 277(5332), 1659-1662.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Melnick, Sh., Bronfman, E., Sherry, S. y Llanas, L. (2004). Hostile- Helpless relational models and Disorganized Attachment patterns between parents and their young children: review of research and implications for clinical work. En Atkinson, L. y Goldberg, S. Attachment issues in Psychopathology and Intervention (p. 65-94). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Yellin, C., Melnick, Sh. y Atwood, G. (2005). Expanding the concept of unresolved mental states: Hostile/Helpless states of mind on the Adult Attachment Interview are associated with disrupted mother-infant communication and infant disorganization. Developmental Psychopathology, 17(1), 1-23.
MacLean, P. (1955). The limbic system (“visceral brain”) and emotional behavior. Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 73, 130–134.
Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Moran, G., Pederson, D. R., & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior, and disorganized attachment: a review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment & human development, 8(2), 89-111.
Main, M., Hesse, E., & Goldwyn, R. (2008). Studying differences in language usage in recounting attachment history: An introduction to the AAI. Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview. In H. Steele & M. Steele (Eds.), Clinical applications of the Adult Attachment Interview (pp. 31-68). New York: Guilford Press.
Mcgowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., Alessio, A. C. D., Dymov, S., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., et al. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature neuroscience, 12(3), 342-348.
McGowan, P. O., Suderman, M., Sasaki, A., Huang, T. C. T., Hallett, M., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2011). Broad Epigenetic Signature of Maternal Care in the Brain of Adult Rats. Publicación anticipada en línea. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014739.
McLean, J., & Shipley, M. (1991). Postnatal development of the noradrenergic projection from locus coeruleus to the olfactory bulb in the rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 304, 469-477.
Mega, M., Cummings, J., Salloway, S., & Malloy, P. (1997). The Limbic System : An anatomic, phylogenetic, and clinical perspective. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 9(3), 315-330.
Milner, B., Squire, L. R., & Kandel, E. R. (1998). Cognitive Neuroscience and the Study of Memory. Review. Neuron, 20, 445-468.
Moriceau, S., Raineki, C., Holman, J. D., Holman, J. G., & Sullivan, R. M. (2009). Enduring neurobehavioral effects of early life trauma mediated through learning and corticosterone suppression. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 3(September), 22.
Moriceau, S., Shionoya, K., Jakubs, K., & Sullivan, R. M. (2009). Early-life stress disrupts attachment learning: the role of amygdala corticosterone, locus ceruleus corticotropin releasing hormone, and olfactory bulb norepinephrine. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 29(50), 15745-55.
Moriceau, S., & Sullivan, R. (2005). Neurobiology of Infant Attachment. Developmental Psychobiology, 47(3), 230-242.
Nader, K., & LeDoux, J. (1999). The dopaminergic modulation of fear: quinpirole impairs the recall of emotional memories in rats. Behavioral neuroscience, 113(1), 152-65.
Nakazawa, K., Zsiros, V., Jiang, Z., Nakao, K., Kolata, S., Zhang, S., et al. (2011). GABAergic interneuron origin of schizophrenia pathophysiology. Neuropharmacology. Publicación anticipada en línea. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.022.
Nyberg, F., Linstrom, L. H. y Terenius, L. (1988). Reduced β-casein levels in milk samples from patients with postpartum psychosis. Biol. Psychiat. 23, 115-122.
Panksepp, J., Moskal, J. R., Panksepp, J. B., & Kroes, R. a. (2002). Comparative approaches in evolutionary psychology: molecular neuroscience meets the mind. Neuro endocrinology letters, 23 Suppl 4,105-15.
Panksepp, J. (1998). Affective Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Panksepp, J. (2006). Emotional endophenotypes in evolutionary psychiatry. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 30(5), 774-84.
Panksepp, J., & Panksepp, J. B. (2000). The Seven Sins of Evolutionary Psychology. Evolution and Cognition, 6(2), 108-131.
Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992). Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behavioral neuroscience, 106(2), 274-85.
Piaget, J. (1991). Seis estudios de Psicología. (Trad. J. Marfá). Barcelona: Labor.
Shair, H., Brake, S., Hofer, M , & Myers, M. (1986). Blood pressure responses to milk ejection in the young rat. Physiology & behavior, 37(1), 171-6.
Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 24(4), 417-63.
Spitz, R. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.
Weaver, I. C. G., Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2006). Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(9), 3480-5.
Young, K., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2008). The neurobiology of social attachment: A comparative approach to behavioral, neuroanatomical, and neurochemichal studies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 148(4), 401-410.
Zak, P. J., Kurzban, R., & Matzner, W. T. (2005). Oxytocin is associated with human trustworthiness. Hormones and behavior, 48(5), 522-7.
Zhang, T.-Y., & Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function. Annual review of psychology, 61, 439-66.
Para citar este artículo: Barg Baltrame, G. (2011). Bases neurobiológicas del Apego. Revisión Temática. Ciencias Psicológicas V(1): 69-81.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2011 Ciencias Psicológicas
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Se ceden los derechos de reproducción del artículo según la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0), sistema de acceso abierto.
