Estado mental de apego no resuelto, cuidado materno y seguridad del apego en dos diadas madre-hijo/a

Magaly  Nóblega; Laura  Szteren; Francesco  Marinelli; Patricia  Bárrig-Jó; Juan  Núñez del Prado; Gabriela  Conde

doi:10.22235/cp.v14i2.2315

Autores/as

Magaly Nóblega Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6572-813X
Laura Szteren Uruguay Crece Contigo. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social de Uruguay https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-6202
Francesco Marinelli Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0470-0130
Patricia Bárrig-Jó Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4685-5760
Juan Núñez del Prado Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5502-514X
Gabriela Conde Departamento de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6103-1025

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i2.2315

Palabras clave:

representaciones de apego adulto, relaciones de apego, cuidado infantil, abuso físico

Resumen

El presente estudio busca describir las características de las representaciones de apego de dos madres clasificadas con un estado mental de apego no resuelto, así como las características particulares de la interacción con su hijo/a: la calidad de su cuidado y la seguridad del apego del niño/a. Para las representaciones se empleó la Entrevista de Apego Adulto, para evaluar el cuidado de las madres el Maternal Behavior Q-Set 2.1, y la seguridad en el apego del niño/a se evaluó a través del Attachment Q-Set 3.0. Los resultados muestran que a pesar de que ambas madres tienen un apego no resuelto en función a experiencias de abuso vividas en la infancia, la sub-clasificación (apego Seguro en un caso e Inseguro en otro) está asociada a diferencias en la manera de percibir y responder a las necesidades de su hijo/a y en la seguridad del apego de éstos últimos.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Asociación Peruana de Empresas de Investigación de Mercado [APEIM] (2017). Niveles socioeconómicos 2017. Lima. Recuperado de http://www.apeim.com.pe/wp-content/themes/apeim/docs/nse/APEIM-NSE-2017.pdf

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. & van IJzendoorn, M. (1993). A psychometric study of the Adult Attachment Interview: Reliability and discriminant validity. Developmental Psychology, 29, 870-880.

Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. & van IJzendoorn, M. (2009). The first 10,000 Adult Attachment Interviews: distributions of adult attachment representations in clinical and non-clinical groups. Attachment y Human Development, 11(3), 223-263.

Ballen, N., Demers, I. & Bernier, A. (2006). A differential analysis of the subtypes of unresolved state of mind in the adult attachment interview. Journal of Trauma Practice, 5(4), 69-93.

Bárrig-Jó, P., Nóblega, M., Núñez del Prado, J., Conde, G., Carbonell, O., & Altmann, M. (2016). Attachment Representations and Maternal Sensitivity in Low Socioeconomic Status Mothers. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 8(3), 202-214. doi:10.5539/ijps.v8n3p202

Behrens, K., Haltigan, J. & Bahm, N. I. G. (2016). Infant attachment, adult attachment, and maternal sensitivity: revisiting the intergenerational transmission gap. Attachment & human development, 18(4), 337-353.

Berthelot, N., Ensink, K., Bernazzani, O., Normandin, L., Luyten, P., & Fonagy, P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma‐specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(2), 200-212.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Crugnola, C. R., Gazzotti, S., Spinelli, M., Ierardi, E., Caprin, C., & Albizzati, A. (2013). Maternal attachment influences mother–infant styles of regulation and play with objects at nine months. Attachment & human development, 15(2), 107-131.

Fonagy, P., Steele, M., Moran, G., Steele, H. & Higgit, A. (1993). Measuring the ghosts in the nursery: An empirical study of the relation between parents´ mental representations of childhood experiences and their infants´ security of attachment. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 41(4), 957-989.

Fraley, R., & Shaver, P. (2016). Attachment, loss, and grief: Bowlby's views, new developments, and current controversies En J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.), (pp. 40-62). New York: Guilford Press.

George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985). The Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.

Goldberg, S., Benoit, D., Blokland, K. & Madigan, S. (2003). Atypical maternal behavior, maternal representations, and infant disorganized attachment. Development and Psychopathology, 15(2), 239-257.

Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. En P. Cole & J.L. Moran (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics III: Speech Acts (pp. 41-58). New York, Academic Press.

Hesse, E. (2016). The Adult Attachment Interview: Protocol, method of analysis, and empirical studies: 1985-2015. En J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (3rd ed.), (pp. 553-597). New York: Guilford Press.

Hesse, E. & Main, M. (2000). Disorganized infant, child and adult attachment: Collapse in behavioral and attentional strategies. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 48(4), 1097-1127.

Hsiao, C., Koren-Karie, N., Bailey, H., & Moran, G. (2015). It takes two to talk: Longitudinal associations among infant–mother attachment, maternal attachment representations, and mother–child emotion dialogues. Attachment & human development, 17(1), 43-64.

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática [INEI]. (2016). Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.

Lieberman, A., Padrón, E., Van Horn, P. & Harris, W. (2005). Angels in the nursery: The intergenerational transmission of benevolent parental influences. Infant Mental Health Journal, 26(6), 504-520.

Lyons-Ruth, K. & Jacobvitz, D. (1999). Attachment disorganization: Unresolved loss, relationship violence, and lapses in behavioral and attentional strategies. En J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 520-554). New York: Guilford Press.

Madigan, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., van IJzendoorn, M., Moran, G., Pederson, D. & Benoit, D. (2006). Unresolved states of mind, anomalous parental behavior and disorganized attachment: A review and meta-analysis of a transmission gap. Attachment and Human Development, 8(2), 89-111.

Madigan, S., Hawkins, E., Plamondon, A., Moran, G., & Benoit, D. (2015). Maternal representations and infant attachment: An examination of the prototype hypothesis. Infant mental health journal, 36(5), 459-468.

Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1990). Parents’ unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parental behavior the linking mechanism? En M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 161-182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Main, M. & Goldwyn, R. (2004). Sistema de Calificación y Clasificación de la Entrevista de Apego Adulto. Manuscrito no publicado, versión 7.1. (Gojman de Millán, trad.). México: S. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. (Obra original publicada en 2002).

Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209), 66-104.

Moehler, E., Biringen, Z., & Poustka, L. (2007). Emotional availability in a sample of mothers with a history of abuse. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 624.

Negrão, M., Pereira, M., Soares, I., & Mesman, J. (2016). Maternal attachment representations in relation to emotional availability and discipline behaviour. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 13(1), 121-137.

Nóblega, M., Bárrig, P., Conde, L. G., Nuñez del Prado, J., Carbonell, O. A., Gonzalez, E.... & Bauer, M. (2016). Cuidado materno y seguridad del apego antes del primer año de vida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 245-260. doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.cmsa.

Pederson, D. & Moran, G. (1995). Appendix B. Maternal Behavior Q-set. En E. Waters, B. E. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura (Eds.) Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: New Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 60(2-3), 247-254.

Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Richmond, M., Carbonell, O., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M., & Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal caregiving and infant security in two cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 67-78. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.67

Reijman, S., Alink, L., Compier-De Block, L., Werner, C., Maras, A., Rijnberk, C., ... & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (2016). Attachment representations and autonomic regulation in maltreating and nonmaltreating mothers. Development and psychopathology, 1-13.

Saunders, R., Jacobvitz, D., Zaccagnino, M., Beverung, L., & Hazen, N. (2011). Pathways to earned-security: The role of alternative support figures. Attachment & human development, 13(4), 403-420.

Schuengel, C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. & van IJzendoorn, M. (1999). Attachment and loss: Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(1), 54-63.

van IJzendoorn, M. (1995). Adult Attachment Representations, Parental Responsiveness and Infant Attachment: A Meta-Analysis on the Predictive Validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387- 403.

van IJzendoorn, M. & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. (1996). Attachment representations in mothers, fathers, adolescents, and clinical groups: A meta-analytic search for normative data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(1), 8-21.

Verhage, M., Schuengel, C., Madigan, S., Fearon, R., Oosterman, M., Cassibba, R., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., & van IJzendoorn, M. (2016). Narrowing the transmission gap: A synthesis of three decades of research on intergenerational transmission of attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 142(4), 337-366.

Waters, E. (1995). The Attachment Q-Set (Version 3). En E. Waters, B. Vaughn, G. Posada & K. Kondo-Ikemura (Eds.), Caregiving, cultural, and cognitive perspectives on secure-base behavior and working models: new growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 234-246.

Zaccagnino, M., Cussino, M., Saunders, R., Jacobvitz, D., & Veglia, F. (2014). Alternative caregiving figures and their role on adult attachment representations. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 21(3), 276-287.