Qué podemos aprender para aumentar la vacunación en Latinoamérica: factores asociados a la vacunación contra la COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v19i2.4460Palabras clave:
vacunación, COVID-19, Latinoamérica, modelo COM-BResumen
Introducción: A pesar de que la vacunación es un comportamiento de protección que puede permitir superar la pandemia por el COVID-19, la reticencia a vacunarse es aún prevalente para esta y otras enfermedades. Esta investigación busca comprender cuáles variables influencian la probabilidad de vacunarse en una muestra en Latinoamérica aplicando el modelo COM-B. Método: 368 personas de Latinoamérica respondieron una encuesta autoreportada y transversal como parte del estudio iCARE. La recolección inició en marzo de 2020 usando un muestreo por conveniencia en bola de nieve (a nivel mundial) y un muestreo representativo paralelo en países seleccionados. Resultados: Un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostró que saber que vacunarse ayudará a proteger a otros, querer contribuir a unos mayores índices de vacunación para alcanzar la inmunidad de rebaño y creer que vacunarse reducirá las preocupaciones propias y síntomas de ansiedad son variables que predicen la probabilidad de vacunarse. Esto muestra que las motivaciones en esta muestra son más relevantes que las capacidades y oportunidades en lo que a este comportamiento refiere. Conclusiones: Las campañas para reducir la reticencia para vacunarse necesitan resaltar los factores psicosociales para vacunarse e incrementar la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo percibidos respecto a la enfermedad.
Descargas
Citas
Argote, P., Barham, E., Daly, S. Z., Gerez, J. E., Marshall, J., & Pocasangre, O. (2021). The shot, the message, and the messenger: COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Latin America. Npj Vaccines, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00380-x
Askarian, M., Semenov, A., Llopis, F., Rubulotta, F., Dragovac, G., Pshenichnaya, N., Assadian, O., & Ruch, Y. (2022). The COVID-19 vaccination acceptance/hesitancy rate and its determinants among healthcare workers of 91 countries: A multicenrer cross-sectional study. EXCLI Journal, 21, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2021-4439
Bacon, S. L., Lavoie, K. L., Boyle, J., Stojanovic, J., & Joyal-Desmarais, K. (2021). International assessment of the link between COVID-19 related attitudes, concerns and behaviours in relation to public health policies: Optimising policy strategies to improve health, economic and quality of life outcomes (the iCARE Study). BMJ Open, 11(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046127
Bates, B. R., Villegas-Botero, A., Costales, J. A., Moncayo, A. L., Tami, A., Carvajal, A., & Grijalva, M. J. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Three Latin American Countries: Reasons Given for Not Becoming Vaccinated in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Health Communication, 37(12), 1465-1475. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2035943
Betsch, C., Böhm, R., & Korn, L. (2013). Inviting free-riders or appealing to prosocial behavior? Game-theoretical reflections on communicating herd immunity in vaccine advocacy. Health Psychology, 32(9), 978-985. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031590
Bhopal, S., & Nielsen, M. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in low- And middle-income countries: Potential implications for the COVID-19 response. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 106(2), 113–114. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-318988
Blank, P. R., Bonnelye, G., Ducastel, A., & Szucs, T. D. (2012). Attitudes of the General Public and General Practitioners in Five Countries towards Pandemic and Seasonal Influenza Vaccines during Season 2009/2010. PLoS ONE, 7(10), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045450
Böhm, R., & Betsch, C. (2022). Prosocial vaccination. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 307-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.010
Brewer, N. T., Chapman, G. B., Gibbons, F. X., Gerrard, M., McCaul, K. D., & Weinstein, N. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: The example of vaccination. Health Psychology, 26(2), 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.26.2.136
Burki, T. (2020). COVID-19 in Latin America. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases, 20(5), 547-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30303-0
Cankat, S., Demael, M. U., & Swadling, L. (2023). In search of a pan-coronavirus vaccine: next-generation vaccine design and immune mechanisms. Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 21(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-023-01116-8
Castilla, J., Guevara, M., Miqueleiz, A., Baigorria, F., Ibero-Esparza, C., Navascués, A., Trobajo-Sanmartín, C., Martínez-Baz, I., Casado, I., Burgui, C., & Ezpeleta, C. (2021). Risk factors of infection, hospitalization and death from SARS-CoV-2: A population-based cohort study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(12), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10122608
Caycho-Rodríguez, T., Valencia, P. D., Vilca, L. W., Carbajal-León, C., Vivanco-Vidal, A., Saroli-Araníbar, D., Reyes-Bossio, M., White, M., Rojas-Jara, C., Polanco-Carrasco, R., Gallegos, M., Cervigni, M., Martino, P., Palacios, D. A., Moreta-Herrera, R., Samaniego-Pinho, A., Rivera, M. E. L., Ferrari, I. F., Flores-Mendoza, C., … Intimayta-Escalante, C. (2022). Prevalence and Predictors of Intention to be Vaccinated Against COVID-19 in Thirteen Latin American and Caribbean Countries. Trends in Psychology, 31, 865-889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-022-00170-x
Chan, I. L., Mowson, R., Pedro, J., Roberti, J., Contreras, M., & Velandia-gonzález, M. (2022). Promoting immunization equity in Latin America and the Caribbean: Case studies, lessons learned, and their implication for COVID-19 vaccine equity. Vaccine, 40(13), 1977-1986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.051
Contreras-Arrieta, S., Murrain, H., Vallejo, B. H., López, L. A. C., Hernández, F., Velasco, N., Garzón, J. S., Restrepo, S., & Varela, A. R. (2023). Vaccination against COVID-19 in Bogotá - Colombia: lessons and strategies in health pedagogy, risk communication and community participation, using behavioral sciences. Infectio, 27(3), 173-182. https://doi.org/10.22354/24223794.1142
d’Alessandro, E., Hubert, D., Launay, O., Bassinet, L., Lortholary, O., Jaffre, Y., & Sermet-Gaudelus, I. (2012). Determinants of refusal of A/H1N1 pandemic vaccination in a high risk population: A qualitative approach. PLoS ONE, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034054
Debbag, R., Gallo, J., Ávila-Agüero, M. L., Beltran, C., Brea-Del Castillo, J., Puentes, A., & Enrique, S. (2025). Rebuilding vaccine confidence in Latin America and the Caribbean: strategies for the post-pandemic era. Expert Review of Vaccines, 24(1), 615–623. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2025.2527327
Díaz, L., Villarreal, D. M., Márquez, K., & Scartascini, C. (2025). Combating Vaccine Hesitancy: The Case of HPV Vaccination. https://doi.org/10.18235/0013410
Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID-19. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 775-779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y
Eureka-Putri-Taju, A., & Saadah, K. (2023). Corruption in Mexico and Vaccine Refusal. KnE Social Sciences, 8(3), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i3.12812
Giese, H., Neth, H., Wegwarth, O., Gaissmaier, W., & Stok, F. M. (2023). How to convince the vaccine-hesitant? An ease-of-access nudge, but not risk-related information increased Covid vaccination-related behaviors in the unvaccinated. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 16(1), 198-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12479
Guzman-Holst, A., DeAntonio, R., Prado-Cohrs, D., & Juliao, P. (2020). Barriers to vaccination in Latin America: A systematic literature review. Vaccine, 38(3), 470–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.088
Habersaat, K. B., & Jackson, C. (2020). Understanding vaccine acceptance and demand—and ways to increase them. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 63(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-019-03063-0
Herry, A. M., Greaves, D., Smith, P., Toledo, N. A., Wildman, A., Wildman, T., Browne, R., Chen, M., Jones, M., & Aymat, S. (2023). Facilitators of and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination in Grenada: a qualitative study. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 47, 1. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.44
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kaur, S. P., & Gupta, V. (2020). COVID-19 Vaccine: A comprehensive status report. Virus Research, 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114
La Rotta, J., Escobar, O., Ávila-Aguero, M. L., Torres, J. P., Sini de Almeida, R., Morales, G. del C., & Srivastava, A. (2023). COVID-19 in Latin America: A Snapshot in Time and the Road Ahead. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 12(2), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-022-00748-z
Lapo-Talledo, G. J., Talledo-Delgado, J. A., Portalanza, D., Ballaz, S., & Siteneski, A. (2023). Analysis of Socio-demographic, Economic and Individual Reasons for COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy in Ecuador: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study. Journal of Community Health, 48(3), 467-479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-023-01188-7
Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225–228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
MacDonald, N. E., Eskola, J., Liang, X., Chaudhuri, M., Dube, E., Gellin, B., Goldstein, S., Larson, H., Manzo, M. L., Reingold, A., Tshering, K., Zhou, Y., Duclos, P., Guirguis, S., Hickler, B., & Schuster, M. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy: Definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine, 33(34), 4161–4164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.036
Matos, C. C. de S. A., Gonçalves, B. A., & Couto, M. T. (2022). Vaccine hesitancy in the global south: Towards a critical perspective on global health. Global Public Health, 17(6), 1087–1098. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1912138
Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
Moore, S., Hill, E. M., Dyson, L., Tildesley, M. J., & Keeling, M. J. (2023). Retrospectively modeling the effects of increased global vaccine sharing on the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Medicine, 28(11), 2416-2423. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02064-y
Murphy, J., Vallières, F., Bentall, R. P., Shevlin, M., Mcbride, O., Hartman, T. K., Mckay, R., Bennett, K., Mason, L., Gibson-miller, J., Levita, L., Martinez, A. P., Stocks, T. V. A., Karatzias, T., & Hyland, P. (2021). Psychological characteristics associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Nature Communications, 12(29). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20226-9
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus User’s Guide (8th ed.) [Software].
Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGrawHill.
Orensteina, W. A., & Ahmedb, R. (2017). Simply put: Vaccination saves lives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(16), 4031–4033. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1704507114
Pablos-Méndez, A., Vega, J., Aranguren, F. P., Tabish, H., & Raviglione, M. C. (2020). Covid-19 in Latin America. The BMJ, 370, 369-370. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2939
Pandher, R., & Bilszta, J. L. C. (2023). Novel COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance, and associated factors, amongst medical students: a scoping review. Medical Education Online, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2023.2175620
Paul, E., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2021). Attitudes towards vaccines and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Implications for public health communications. The Lancet regional health. Europe, 1, 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100012
Pogue, K., Jensen, J. L., Stancil, C. K., Ferguson, D. G., Hughes, S. J., Mello, E. J., Burgess, R., Berges, B. K., Quaye, A., & Poole, B. D. (2020). Influences on attitudes regarding potential covid‐19 vaccination in the united states. Vaccines, 8(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040582
Qin, C., Wang, R., Tao, L., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2022). Acceptance of a Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccine and Associated Factors in China Based on Health Belief Model: A National Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 10(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010089
Ramonfaur, D., Limaye, R. J., Hinojosa-González, D. E., Barrera, F. J., Rodríguez-Gómez, G. P., & Castillo-Salgado, C. (2024). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy prevalence in Mexico: A systematic review and metanalysis. Vaccine, 18, 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2024.100488
Rivera, T., Brustrom, J., Vera Antelo, M., Puertas, E. B., Rhoda, D. A., & Velandia-Gonzalez, M. (2023). Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Latin American Health Workers: Implications for Designing Interventions. Vaccines, 11(9), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091471
Roberti, J., Ini, N., Belizan, M., & Alonso, J. P. (2024). Barriers and facilitators to vaccination in Latin America: a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 40(6). https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311XEN165023
Rodrigues, E. S., Mendes, E. D. T., & Nucci, L. B. (2023). Parental Justifications for Not Vaccinating Children or Adolescents against Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Vaccines, 11(3), 506. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030506
Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175-183.
Rubinstein, H., Marcu, A., Yardley, L., & Michie, S. (2015). Public preferences for vaccination and antiviral medicines under different pandemic flu outbreak scenarios. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1541-8
Ruiz, J. B., & Bell, R. A. (2021). Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 39(7), 1080-1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010
Salazar-Fernández, C., Baeza-Rivera, M. J., Villanueva, M., Bautista, J. A. P., Navarro, R. M., & Pino, M. (2022). Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Intention: Evidence from Chile, Mexico, and Colombia. Vaccines, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071129
Sallam, M. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: A concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines, 9(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160
Searles, M., Jose Ronquillo Mora, Y., Carlo, L., Heydari, N., Takyiwaa, Y., Borbor-Cordova, M. J., & Campagna, C. D. (2023). Zika virus knowledge and vaccine acceptance among undergraduate students in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Vaccine: X, 13, 100258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100258
Shafie, A. A., Moreira, E. D., Di Pasquale, A., Demuth, D., & Yin, J. Y. S. (2023). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices toward Dengue Fever, Vector Control, and Vaccine Acceptance Among the General Population in Countries from Latin America and Asia Pacific: A Cross-Sectional Study (GEMKAP). Vaccines, 11(3), 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030575
Siewchaisakul, P., Sarakarn, P., Nanthanangkul, S., Longkul, J., Boonchieng, W., & Wungrath, J. (2022). Role of literacy, fear and hesitancy on acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among village health volunteers in Thailand. PLoS ONE, 17(6), e0270023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270023
Stojanovic, J., Boucher, V. G., Gagne, M., Gupta, S., Joyal-Desmarais, K., Paduano, S., Aburub, A. S., Sheinfeld Gorin, S. N., Kassianos, A. P., Ribeiro, P. A. B., Bacon, S. L., & Lavoie, K. L. (2021). Global trends and correlates of covid-19 vaccination hesitancy: Findings from the icare study. Vaccines, 9(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060661
Tankwanchi, A. S., Jaca, A., Ndlambe, A. M., Zantsi, Z. P., Bowman, B., Garrison, M. M., Larson, H. J., Vermund, S. H., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2022). Non-COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among migrant populations worldwide: a scoping review of the literature, 2000-2020. Expert Review of Vaccines, 21(9), 1269-1287. https://doi.org/10.1080/14760584.2022.2084075
Urrunaga-Pastor, D., Bendezu-Quispe, G., Herrera-Añazco, P., Uyen-Cateriano, A., Toro-Huamanchumo, C. J., Rodriguez-Morales, A. J., Hernandez, A. V., & Benites-Zapata, V. A. (2021). Cross-sectional analysis of COVID-19 vaccine intention, perceptions and hesitancy across Latin America and the Caribbean. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102059
World Health Organization. (2022). Imagining the future of pandemics and epidemics.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Ciencias Psicológicas
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
