Análisis Psicométrico de una Escala de Empatía en niños mexicanos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1878Palabras clave:
empatía, escala, niños, pro-socialidad, simpatíaResumen
La empatía es una respuesta afectiva que permite establecer relaciones saludables, generando una mejor convivencia entre los individuos, por ello, es importante contar con instrumentos válidos y confiables para medir dicho constructo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la adaptación y traducción de una escala de empatía para niños. La escala cuenta con 28 reactivos, se aplicó a 293 niños de entre 8 y 12 años en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron un alfa de Cronbach de .753 en la escala total, quedando de 10 reactivos. Se confirmó la validez de constructo, a través del análisis factorial exploratorio de componentes principales con rotación varimax, del cual se obtuvieron tres factores que explican 36.86% de varianza, a su vez se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio mostrando buenos índices de ajuste del modelo.
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Al Aïn, S., Carré, A., Fantini-Hauwel, C., Baudouin, J. Y., & Besche-Richard, C. (2013). What is the emotional core of the multidimensional machiavellian personality trait? Frontiers in Psychology, 4(7), 1–8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00454
Alcorta-Garza, A., González-Guerrero, J. F., Tavitas-Herrera, S. E., Rodríguez-Lara, F. J., & Hojat, M. (2005). Validación de la escala de empatía medica de Jefferson en estudiantes de medicina mexicanos. Salud Mental, 28(5), 57–63.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of Mind and Autism : A Review. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23(1), 169–184. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7750(00)80010-5
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Begeer, S., Gevers, C., Clifford, P., Verhoeve, M., Kat, K., Hoddenbach, E., & Boer, F. (2011). Theory of mind training in children with autism: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 997–1006. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1121-9
Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2019). Conducta de ayuda en ratas ¿Acción o hábito? Universitas Psychologica, 18, 1-7 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-1.cara
Bryant, B. K. (1982). An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. Child Development, 53 (1), 413-425.
Cigna, M.-H., Guay, J.-P., & Renaud, P. (2017). Psychopathic traits and their relation to facial affect recognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 210–215. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.014
Comité de Ética de Investigación de la Facultad de Psicología. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psicologia.unam.mx/comite-de-etica-de-investigacion-de-la-facultad-de-psicologia/
Código ético de la Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psicologia.unam.mx/documentos/pdf/comite_etica/CODIGO_ETICO_SMP.pdf
Costello, E. J. (2016). Early Detection and Prevention of Mental Health Problems: Developmental Epidemiology and Systems of Support. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 710–717. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1236728
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P.F. (2014). Empathy: gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 604–627 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A Review of the Concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153. doi: 10.1177/1754073914558466
Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150077. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0077
Demetriou, H. (2018). Empathy, Emotion and Education. Palgrave Macmillan UK
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 59, 279-300. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
de Waal, F. B. M. & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 498–509 doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.140
Dollan, M., & Fullam, R. (2004). Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 34(6), 1093–1102. doi: 10.1017/S0033291704002028
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., & Jones, S. (1998). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children’s sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality. Developmental Psychology, 34, 910-924.
Estévez, E., Jiménez, T. I., & Segura, L. (2019). Emotional intelligence and empathy in aggressors and victims of school violence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111, 488-496. doi: 10.1037/edu0000292
Garton, A. F. & Gringart, E. (2005). The development of a scale to measure empathy in 8- and 9-year old children. Australian Journal of Education and Developmental Psychology, 5, 17-25.
Georgiou, G., Kimonis, E. R., & Fanti, K. A. (2018). What do others feel? Cognitive empathy deficits explain the association between callous- unemotional traits and conduct problems among preschool children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-21 doi: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1478810
Hepach, R., & Warneken, F. (2018). Early development can reveal the foundation of human prosociality. Current Opinion in Psychology 20, v–viii doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.001
Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physiciansʼ Empathy and Clinical Outcomes for Diabetic Patients. Academic Medicine, 86(3), 359–364. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1
Jeffrey D.I. (2019). Exploring Empathy with Medical Students. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Kim, H., & Han, S. (2018). Does personal distress enhance empathic interaction or block it? Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.005
Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S., & David, A. S. (2004). Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychological Medicine, 34(5), 911–919. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703001624
Leibetseder, M., Laireiter, A.-R., & Köller, T. (2001). E-Skala: Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Empathie – Beschreibung und psychometrische Eigenschaften. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 1, 70-85.
Levy, J., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2019). The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma. Nature communications, 10: 1905. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y
López-Pérez, B., Ambrona, T. & Márquez-González (2014). Adaptación y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación de la empatía en niños y adolescentes: TECA-NA. Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud, 22(1), 5-18.
Mafessoni, F., & Lachman, M. (2019). The complexity of understanding others as the evolutionary origin of empathy and emotional contagion. Scientific Reports, 9, 1-14 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41835-5
Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., … Valenti, M. (2014). Affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(10), 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00791
Melis. A. P., & Warneken, F. (2016). The psychology of cooperation: Insights from chimpanzees and children. Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews, 25, 297-305 doi: 10.1002/evan.21507
Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Frías, M. D., & Tur, A. M. (2009). Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 76–83. doi: 10.1017/S1138741600001499
Meyza, K. Z., Ben-Ami Bartal, I., Monfils, M. H., Pankseep, J. B., & Knapska, E. (2017). The roots of empathy: Through the lens of rodent models. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 216-234. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016
Pérez Manrique, A., & Gomila, A. (2018). The comparative study of empathy: sympathetic concern and empathic perspective-taking in non-human animals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 93, 1-20. doi: 10.1111/brv.12342
Rosen, J. B., Brand, M., & Kalbe, E. (2016). Empathy Mediates the Effects of Age and Sex on Altruistic Moral Decision Making. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 1–16. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00067
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2009). Empathic processing: its cognitive and affective dimensions and neuroanatomical basis. En J., Decety & W., Ickes, (Eds.) The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 215-232). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). The Neural Bases for Empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18–24. doi: 10.1177/1073858410379268
Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution. The Psychological Record, 56, 3-21.
Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PloS one, 12, e0171665. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171665
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ Prosocial Behavior: From Instrumental to Empathic to Altruistic Helping. Child Development, 81(6), 1814–1827. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
Szanto, T. & Krueger, J. Topoi. (2019). Introduction: Empathy, Shared Emotions, and Social Identity, Topoi, 38, 153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-w
Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J.J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019). Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account. Progress in Brain Research, 247, 273-304. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024.
van der Zee, E., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2019). Reconsidering Empathy Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, published online, March, 2019 doi: 10.1007/s10882-019-09669-1
Warden, D., & MacKinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial children, bullies and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 367–385. doi: 10.1348/026151003322277757
Warneken, F. (2017). How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology 69, 205-229. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011813
Wied, M., Maas, C., Goozen, S. V., Vermande, M., Engels, R., Meeus, W., Matthys, W., & Goudena, P. (2007). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 99–104. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.99
Zoll, C., & Enz, S. (2005). A questionnaire to assess affective and cognitive empathy in children. Journal of Child Psychology, 15, 165-174
Alcorta-Garza, A., González-Guerrero, J. F., Tavitas-Herrera, S. E., Rodríguez-Lara, F. J., & Hojat, M. (2005). Validación de la escala de empatía medica de Jefferson en estudiantes de medicina mexicanos. Salud Mental, 28(5), 57–63.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2000). Theory of Mind and Autism : A Review. International Review of Research in Mental Retardation, 23(1), 169–184. doi: 10.1016/S0074-7750(00)80010-5
Bautista-Hernández, G., Vera, J. A., Tánori, J., & Valdés, A. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala para medir empatía en estudiantes de secundaria en México. Revista Electrónica “Actualidades Investigativas En Educación” 16(3), 1–20. doi: 10.15517/aie.v16i3.25959
Begeer, S., Gevers, C., Clifford, P., Verhoeve, M., Kat, K., Hoddenbach, E., & Boer, F. (2011). Theory of mind training in children with autism: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(8), 997–1006. doi: 10.1007/s10803-010-1121-9
Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2019). Conducta de ayuda en ratas ¿Acción o hábito? Universitas Psychologica, 18, 1-7 doi: 10.11144/Javeriana.upsy18-1.cara
Bryant, B. K. (1982). An Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. Child Development, 53 (1), 413-425.
Cigna, M.-H., Guay, J.-P., & Renaud, P. (2017). Psychopathic traits and their relation to facial affect recognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 210–215. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.014
Comité de Ética de Investigación de la Facultad de Psicología. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psicologia.unam.mx/comite-de-etica-de-investigacion-de-la-facultad-de-psicologia/
Código ético de la Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psicologia.unam.mx/documentos/pdf/comite_etica/CODIGO_ETICO_SMP.pdf
Costello, E. J. (2016). Early Detection and Prevention of Mental Health Problems: Developmental Epidemiology and Systems of Support. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 710–717. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1236728
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P.F. (2014). Empathy: gender effects in brain and behavior. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 46, 604–627 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A Review of the Concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153. doi: 10.1177/1754073914558466
Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1686), 20150077. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0077
Demetriou, H. (2018). Empathy, Emotion and Education. Palgrave Macmillan UK
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: the evolution of empathy. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 59, 279-300. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
de Waal, F. B. M. & Preston, S. D. (2017). Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 18, 498–509 doi: 10.1038/nrn.2017.140
Dollan, M., & Fullam, R. (2004). Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 34(6), 1093–1102. doi: 10.1017/S0033291704002028
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., & Jones, S. (1998). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children’s sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality. Developmental Psychology, 34, 910-924.
Estévez, E., Jiménez, T. I., & Segura, L. (2019). Emotional intelligence and empathy in aggressors and victims of school violence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111, 488-496. doi: 10.1037/edu0000292
Garton, A. F. & Gringart, E. (2005). The development of a scale to measure empathy in 8- and 9-year old children. Australian Journal of Education and Developmental Psychology, 5, 17-25.
Georgiou, G., Kimonis, E. R., & Fanti, K. A. (2018). What do others feel? Cognitive empathy deficits explain the association between callous- unemotional traits and conduct problems among preschool children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1-21 doi: 10.1080/17405629.2018.1478810
Hepach, R., & Warneken, F. (2018). Early development can reveal the foundation of human prosociality. Current Opinion in Psychology 20, v–viii doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.001
Hojat, M., Louis, D. Z., Markham, F. W., Wender, R., Rabinowitz, C., & Gonnella, J. S. (2011). Physiciansʼ Empathy and Clinical Outcomes for Diabetic Patients. Academic Medicine, 86(3), 359–364. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3182086fe1
Jeffrey D.I. (2019). Exploring Empathy with Medical Students. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Kim, H., & Han, S. (2018). Does personal distress enhance empathic interaction or block it? Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 77–83. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.005
Lawrence, E. J., Shaw, P., Baker, D., Baron-Cohen, S., & David, A. S. (2004). Measuring empathy: reliability and validity of the Empathy Quotient. Psychological Medicine, 34(5), 911–919. doi: 10.1017/S0033291703001624
Leibetseder, M., Laireiter, A.-R., & Köller, T. (2001). E-Skala: Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Empathie – Beschreibung und psychometrische Eigenschaften. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 1, 70-85.
Levy, J., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2019). The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma. Nature communications, 10: 1905. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y
López-Pérez, B., Ambrona, T. & Márquez-González (2014). Adaptación y validación de un instrumento para la evaluación de la empatía en niños y adolescentes: TECA-NA. Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud, 22(1), 5-18.
Mafessoni, F., & Lachman, M. (2019). The complexity of understanding others as the evolutionary origin of empathy and emotional contagion. Scientific Reports, 9, 1-14 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41835-5
Mazza, M., Pino, M. C., Mariano, M., Tempesta, D., Ferrara, M., De Berardis, D., … Valenti, M. (2014). Affective and cognitive empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8(10), 1–6. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00791
Melis. A. P., & Warneken, F. (2016). The psychology of cooperation: Insights from chimpanzees and children. Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews, 25, 297-305 doi: 10.1002/evan.21507
Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Frías, M. D., & Tur, A. M. (2009). Are women more empathetic than men? A longitudinal study in adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 12(1), 76–83. doi: 10.1017/S1138741600001499
Meyza, K. Z., Ben-Ami Bartal, I., Monfils, M. H., Pankseep, J. B., & Knapska, E. (2017). The roots of empathy: Through the lens of rodent models. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 216-234. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016
Pérez Manrique, A., & Gomila, A. (2018). The comparative study of empathy: sympathetic concern and empathic perspective-taking in non-human animals. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 93, 1-20. doi: 10.1111/brv.12342
Rosen, J. B., Brand, M., & Kalbe, E. (2016). Empathy Mediates the Effects of Age and Sex on Altruistic Moral Decision Making. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 10(4), 1–16. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00067
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2009). Empathic processing: its cognitive and affective dimensions and neuroanatomical basis. En J., Decety & W., Ickes, (Eds.) The Social Neuroscience of Empathy (pp. 215-232). Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press.
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011). The Neural Bases for Empathy. The Neuroscientist, 17(1), 18–24. doi: 10.1177/1073858410379268
Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive Empathy and Emotional Empathy in Human Behavior and Evolution. The Psychological Record, 56, 3-21.
Song, Y., & Shi, M. (2017). Associations between empathy and big five personality traits among Chinese undergraduate medical students. PloS one, 12, e0171665. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171665
Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto empathy questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62–71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381
Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R., & Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ Prosocial Behavior: From Instrumental to Empathic to Altruistic Helping. Child Development, 81(6), 1814–1827. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x
Szanto, T. & Krueger, J. Topoi. (2019). Introduction: Empathy, Shared Emotions, and Social Identity, Topoi, 38, 153-162. doi:10.1007/s11245-019-09641-w
Thompson, N. M., Uusberg, A., Gross, J.J., & Chakrabarti, B. (2019). Empathy and emotion regulation: An integrative account. Progress in Brain Research, 247, 273-304. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.024.
van der Zee, E., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2019). Reconsidering Empathy Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, published online, March, 2019 doi: 10.1007/s10882-019-09669-1
Warden, D., & MacKinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial children, bullies and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(3), 367–385. doi: 10.1348/026151003322277757
Warneken, F. (2017). How Children Solve the Two Challenges of Cooperation. Annual Review of Psychology 69, 205-229. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011813
Wied, M., Maas, C., Goozen, S. V., Vermande, M., Engels, R., Meeus, W., Matthys, W., & Goudena, P. (2007). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 99–104. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.99
Zoll, C., & Enz, S. (2005). A questionnaire to assess affective and cognitive empathy in children. Journal of Child Psychology, 15, 165-174
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2019-10-01
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Mason, T., Calleja, N., Reynoso-Cruz, J. E., & Bernal-Gamboa, R. (2019). Análisis Psicométrico de una Escala de Empatía en niños mexicanos. Ciencias Psicológicas, 13(2), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v13i2.1878
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