O efeito da disponibilidade de recursos económicos sobre as funções cognitivas e preferências sociais
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i1.2080Palavras-chave:
recursos econômicos, funcionamento cognitivo, decisões sociais, experimentoResumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar de maneira experimental o efeito da disponibilidade de recursos econômicos sobre as funções cognitivas e preferências sociais de estudantes universitários. Foi realizado um estudo com desenho experimental intra-sujeitos, no qual participaram 60 estudantes universitários. Comparou-se o desempenho dos participantes expostos a condições de altos e baixos recursos econômicos em tarefas de desempenho cognitivo (inteligência fluida e controle inibitório) e de preferências sociais (Jogo do Ultimato, com ofertas de diferentes graus de justiça). Em geral, os resultados não indicaram diferenças significativas entre os participantes de condições de baixa e alta renda nas funções cognitivas e preferências sociais. Por outro lado, houve diferenças segundo o sexo no domínio cognitivo. Se discutem os resultados à luz de investigações anteriores e se reconhecem as principais limitações.
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Referências
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Camerer, C., & Fehr, H. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using
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Ding, Y., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, X., & Van Lange, P. (2017). The rich are easily offended by unfairness: wealth triggers spiteful rejection of unfair offers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.008
Forgas, J., & Tan, H. (2013). To give or to keep? Affective influences on selfishness and fairness in computer-mediated interactions in the dictator game and the ultimatum game. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.017
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Hjelm, L., Handa, S., De Hoop, J., Palermo, T., & Zambia C.G.P. (2017). Poverty and perceived stress: Evidence from two unconditional cash transfer programs in Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 177, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.023
Hu, J., Cao, Y., Blue, P. R., & Zhou, X. (2014). Low social status decreases the neural salience of unfairness. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00402
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2018). Condiciones de vida. Incidencia de la pobreza y la indigencia en 31 aglomerados urbanos. Segundo semestre de 2017. (INDEC publicación núm. 12). Recuperado de: https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/eph_pobreza_01_18.pdf
Karagonlar, G., & Kuhlman, D. (2012). The role of social value orientation in response to an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120, 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.006
Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1376-1388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211410987
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341, 976-980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
Martínez, L., Zeelenberg, M., & Rijsman, J. (2011). Behavioural consequences of regret and disappointment in social bargaining games. Cognition & Emotion, 25(2), 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.485889
Mola, D., Godoy, J., & Reyna, C. E. (2018). Does social status matter for resource distribution? Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 22(2), 84-98. http://www.doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2019.22.2.5
Murphy, R., Ackermann, K., & Handgraaf, M. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8), 771–781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1804189
Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
Plaisted, K., Bell, S., & Mackintosh, NJ. (2011). The role of mathematical skill in sex differences on Raven’s Matrices. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 562- 565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.005
Raven, J. C. (2016). Test de Matrices Progresivas. Escala avanzada. Argentina: PAIDÓS
Reyna, C. E., Belaus, A., Mola, D., Ortiz, M. V., & Acosta, C. (2018). Social Values Orientation Measure Scale: Evidences of validity and reliability among Argentine undergraduate students. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 25(3), 1-14.
Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2002). Sex differences in the ultimatum game: An evolutionary psychology perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 3, 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020583425623
Shah, K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science 338, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426
Spears, D. (2010). Economic decision-making in poverty depletes cognitive control. CEPS. Working Paper, N° 213. Recuperado de https://www.princeton.edu/gceps/workingpapers/213spears.pdf
Victor, B., Fischer, E., Cooil, B., Vergara, A., Mukolo, A., & Blevins, M. (2013). Frustrated freedom: The effects of agency and wealth on wellbeing in rural Mozambique. World Development, 47, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.005
Vohs, K., Mead, N., & Goode, M. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 11-54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491
Xiang, T., Lohrenz, T., & Read Montague, P. (2013). Computational substrates of norms and their violations during social exchange. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(3), 1099 –1108. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1642-12.2013
American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologist and code of conduct. APA: Washington, DC.
Andrade, E., & Ariely, D. (2009). The enduring impact of transient emotions on decision-making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.02.003
Correa, P., & Reyna, C. E. (Octubre, 2017). Efectividad de las manipulaciones experimentales para las condiciones de pobreza y riqueza en estudiantes universitarios. Trabajo presentado en la XXV Jornadas de Jóvenes Investigadores del grupo AUGM, Paraguay.
Baroun, K., & Alansari, B. (2006). Gender differences in performance on the Stroop test. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.3.309
Belaus, A., Reyna, C. E., & Freidin, E. (2018). Testing the effect of cooperative/competitive priming on the Prisoner’s Dilemma. Two attempts to replicate. Plos One, 13(12), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209263
Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., Klein, O., Claassen, A., & Wood, R. (2016). Poverty, inequality and increased consumption of high calorie food: Experimental evidence for a causal link. Appetite, 100, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.028
Camerer, C., & Fehr, H. (2004). Measuring social norms and preferences using
experimental games: A guide for social scientists. En Henrich., Boyd., Bowles., Camerer., Fehr., Gintis., & McElreath (Eds.), Foundations of Human Sociality Economic Experiments and Ethnographic Evidence from Fifteen Small-Scale Societies (pp. 55-95). Nueva York: Oxford university press.
Código de Ética de la Federación de Psicólogos de la República Argentina (1999/2013). Recuperado de: http://fepra.org.ar/docs/acerca_fepra/codigo_de_etica_nacional_2013.pdf
Código de Ética del Colegio de Psicólogos de la provincia de Córdoba (2016). Recuperado de: https://www.cppc.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/CODIGO-DE-E%CC%81TICA-2016.pdf
Cohen, S., Doyle, W., & Baum, A. (2006). Socioeconomic status is associated with stress hormones. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 414-420. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000221236.37158.b9
Davidson, M., Amso, M., Anderson, L., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologya, 44, 2037-2078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.02.006
Dean, E., Schilbach, F., & Schofield, H. (2017). Poverty and cognitive function. En Barrett, Carter, & Chavas (Eds), The Economics of Asset Accumulation and Poverty Traps. United States: Chicago university press.
Ding, Y., Wu, J., Ji, T., Chen, X., & Van Lange, P. (2017). The rich are easily offended by unfairness: wealth triggers spiteful rejection of unfair offers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 71, 138-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.03.008
Forgas, J., & Tan, H. (2013). To give or to keep? Affective influences on selfishness and fairness in computer-mediated interactions in the dictator game and the ultimatum game. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 64-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.017
García-Gallego, A., Georgantzís, N., & Jaramillo-Gutiérrez, A. (2012). Gender differences in ultimatum games: Despite rather than due to risk attitudes. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.012
Graves, V. (2015). Does poverty really impede cognitive function? Experimental evidence from tanzanian fishers (Tesis de maestría inédita). University of San Francisco, Estados Unidos.
Grigorieff, A., Haushofer, J., & Roth, C. (2015). Poverty and social capital: Pre-analysis plan. Recuperado de: https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/813
Hjelm, L., Handa, S., De Hoop, J., Palermo, T., & Zambia C.G.P. (2017). Poverty and perceived stress: Evidence from two unconditional cash transfer programs in Zambia. Social Science & Medicine, 177, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.023
Hu, J., Cao, Y., Blue, P. R., & Zhou, X. (2014). Low social status decreases the neural salience of unfairness. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00402
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2018). Condiciones de vida. Incidencia de la pobreza y la indigencia en 31 aglomerados urbanos. Segundo semestre de 2017. (INDEC publicación núm. 12). Recuperado de: https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/eph_pobreza_01_18.pdf
Karagonlar, G., & Kuhlman, D. (2012). The role of social value orientation in response to an unfair offer in the Ultimatum Game. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120, 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.07.006
Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1376-1388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211410987
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013). Poverty impedes cognitive function. Science, 341, 976-980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1238041
Martínez, L., Zeelenberg, M., & Rijsman, J. (2011). Behavioural consequences of regret and disappointment in social bargaining games. Cognition & Emotion, 25(2), 351-359. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.485889
Mola, D., Godoy, J., & Reyna, C. E. (2018). Does social status matter for resource distribution? Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 22(2), 84-98. http://www.doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2019.22.2.5
Murphy, R., Ackermann, K., & Handgraaf, M. (2011). Measuring social value orientation. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8), 771–781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1804189
Pierce, J. W. (2007). PsychoPy - Psychophysics software in Python. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 162(1-2), 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017
Plaisted, K., Bell, S., & Mackintosh, NJ. (2011). The role of mathematical skill in sex differences on Raven’s Matrices. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 562- 565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.005
Raven, J. C. (2016). Test de Matrices Progresivas. Escala avanzada. Argentina: PAIDÓS
Reyna, C. E., Belaus, A., Mola, D., Ortiz, M. V., & Acosta, C. (2018). Social Values Orientation Measure Scale: Evidences of validity and reliability among Argentine undergraduate students. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 25(3), 1-14.
Saad, G., & Gill, T. (2002). Sex differences in the ultimatum game: An evolutionary psychology perspective. Journal of Bioeconomics, 3, 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020583425623
Shah, K., Mullainathan, S., & Shafir E. (2012). Some consequences of having too little. Science 338, 682-685. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222426
Spears, D. (2010). Economic decision-making in poverty depletes cognitive control. CEPS. Working Paper, N° 213. Recuperado de https://www.princeton.edu/gceps/workingpapers/213spears.pdf
Victor, B., Fischer, E., Cooil, B., Vergara, A., Mukolo, A., & Blevins, M. (2013). Frustrated freedom: The effects of agency and wealth on wellbeing in rural Mozambique. World Development, 47, 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.005
Vohs, K., Mead, N., & Goode, M. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314, 11-54. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132491
Xiang, T., Lohrenz, T., & Read Montague, P. (2013). Computational substrates of norms and their violations during social exchange. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(3), 1099 –1108. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1642-12.2013
Publicado
2020-03-19
Como Citar
Correa, P. S. ., Mola, D. J. ., & Reyna, C. . (2020). O efeito da disponibilidade de recursos económicos sobre as funções cognitivas e preferências sociais. Ciencias Psicológicas, 14(1), e-2080. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v14i1.2080
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