Sensitive caregiving and attachment security in preschoolers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v12i1.1600Keywords:
children care, attachment relations, preschool children, socio-emotional developmentAbstract
This study was based on sensitivity hypothesis of attachment theory that relates sensitive nurture with attachment security. The aim was to analyze the relation between 16 caregivers’ sensitivity and attachment security of their preschool children of typical development, living in Quito, Ecuador. Two instruments were used for assessment: Maternal Behavior for Preschoolers Q-setand Attachment Behavior Q-set Version 3.0,in their Latin American adaptation. Compared to others studies with Latino population, in this work a level of sensitivity similar to the previously reported, and a slightly higher level of children security was found. Regarding the relation between both variables, sensitivity was found as a predictor of attachment security. Since Ecuador is a multicultural country, is recommended to replicate this study in other cultural contexts and with other development conditions groups.
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References
Ainsworth, M. D. (1967). Infancy in Uganda: Infant care and the growth of love. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.
Ainsworth, M. D. (1969). Maternal Sensitivity Scales. The Baltimore Longitudinal Project. Recuperado de http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/measures/content/maternal%20sensitivity%20scales.pdf
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978; 2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Bulgay, Suffolk, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Atkinson, L., Niccols, A., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Parker, K., Poulton, K., . . . Sitarenios, G. (2000). A Meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assesments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 791-810. doi:10.1177/0265407500176005
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Attachment, Parenting and Genetics. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 155-179). New York: The Guilford Press.
Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Haynes, O. M., & Painter, K. M. (2007). Maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness: Associations with social context, maternal characteristics, and chid characteristics in a multivariate analysis. Infancy, 12(2), 189-223. doi:10.111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00240.x
Bowlby, J. (1969/1998). El Apego y la Pérdida: El Apego (Vol. 1). Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós Ibérica.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss - Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). Una base segura. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Carbonell, O. A. (2013). Conferencia: La sensibilidad del cuidador y su importancia para promover un cuidado de calidad en la primera infancia. Ciencias Psicológicas, 7(2), 201-207.
Cerezo, M. Á., Pons-Salvador, G., & Trenado, R. (2011). La cualidad del apego infantil y sensibilidad materna desde la perspectiva microsocial. Acción Psicológica, 8(2), 9-25.
Coan, J. A. (2016). Toward a Neuroscience of Attachment. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 242 - 269). New York: The Guilford Press.
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of Parental Antecedents of Infant Attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571-591.
Demmers, I., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Provost, M. A. (2010). Mind-mindedness in adult and adolescent mothers: Relations to maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(6), 529-537. doi:10.1177/0165025410365802
Guerrero, X. (2013). Estudio del tipo de personalidad de las madres que acuden al Centro Materno Infantil Ambato N° 2 y su relación con el tipo de apego que generan con sus hijos. Trabajo de Grado previo a la obtención del título de Magíster en Psicoterapia Integrativa. Quito, Ecuador: Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicológicas.
Keller, H. (2013). Atacchment and Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 175-194. doi:10.1177/0022022112472253
Lecannelier, F., Kimelman, M., González, L., Núñez, C., & Hoffmann, M. (2008). Evaluación de Patrones de Apego en Infantes durante su Segundo Año en dos Centros de Atención de Santiago de Chile. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, XVII, 197-207.
Marvin, R. S., Britner, P. A., & Russell, B. S. (2016). Normative Development: The Ontogeny of Attachment in Childhood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 273 - 290). New York: The Guilford Press.
Mesman, J., & Emmen, R. A. (2013). Mary Ainsworth's legacy: a sistematic review of observational instruments measuring parental sensitivity. Attachment & Human Development, 15(5-6), 485-506. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.820900
Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2016). Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment: Universal and Contextual Dimensions. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 852-877). New York: The Guilford Press.
Nóblega, M. (2012). Conducta de base segura y sensitividad en niños y madres del Distrito Los Olivos. Tesis para optar el Grado de Doctora en Psicología. Lima, Perú: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Nóblega, M., Bárrig, P., Conde, G., Núñez del Prado, J., Carbonell, O. A., Altmann de Litvan, M., . . . Bauer, M. (2016). Cuidado materno y seguridad del apego antes del primer año de vida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 245-260.
Orbe, C. (2012). El estilo de apego del niño con la madre como factor de influencia en el proceso de adaptación al medio preescolar. Tesis de Maestría. Quito, Ecuador: Universidad San Francisco de Quito.
Orbe, C. (2015). La Teoría del Apego desde la visión Mente - Cerebro - Educación. Revista PUCE, (100), 237-258.
Pederson, D. R., Bailey, H. N., Tarabulsy, G. M., Bento, S., & Moran, G. (2014). Understanding sensitivity: Lessons learned from the legacy of Mary Ainsworth. Attachment and Human Development, 16(3), 261-270. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.842753
Posada, G. (2016). Piecing together the sensitivity construct: ethology and cross cultural research. In K. E. Grossman, I. Bretherton, E. Waters, & K. Grossman (Eds.), Maternal Sensitiviy: Mary Ainsworth's Enduring Influence on Attachment Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York, US: Taylor & Francis.
Posada, G., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., & Plata, S. J. (2004). Through Colombian Lenses: Ethnographic and Conventional Analyses of Maternal Care and Their Associations With Secure Base Behavior. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 508 - 518. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.508
Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M., & Arenas, A. (1999). Maternal care and attachment security in ordinary contexts. Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 1379 - 1388. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1379
Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Richmond, M., Carbonell, O., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M. R., & Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal Caregiving and Infant Security in Two Cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 67-78. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.1.67
Posada, G., Kaloustian, G., Richmond, M. K., & Moreno, A. (2007). Maternal secure base support and preschoolers' secure base behavior in natural environments. Attachment & Human Development, 9(4), 393 - 411. doi:10.1080/14616730701712316
Posada, G., Trudel, M., Plata, S. J., Peña, P. P., Pérez, J., Tereno, S., . . . Keng-Ling, L. (2013). Is the Secure Base Phenomenon Evident Here, There, and Anywhere? A Cross-Cultural Study of Child Behavior and Experts' Definitions. Child Deveopment, 84(6), 1896-1905. doi:10.1111/cdev.12084
Posada, G., Trumbell, J., Nóblega, M., Plata, S., Peña, P., Carbonell, O., & Lu, T. (2016). Maternal Sensitivity and Child Secure Base Use in Early Childhood: Studies in Differen Cultural Contexts. Child Devolpment, 87(1), 297-311. doi:10.1111/cdev.12454
Posada, G., Waters, E., Crowell, J., & Lay, K. L. (1995). Is it easier to use a secure mother as a secure base? Attachment Q-set correlates of the adult attachment interview. (E. Waters, B. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura, Eds.) Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 133 - 145. doi:10.2307/1166175
Quinn, N., & Mageo, J. M. (2013). Attachment Reconsidered: Cultural Perspectives on a Western Theory. New York: NY Palgrave Macmillan.
Richmond, M., Posada, G., & Jacobs, A. (2001). Maternal behavior and attachment security in 3 year-olds: A naturalistic study. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Minneapolis, MN.
Salinas-Quiroz, F., & Posada, G. (2015). MBQS: Método de evaluación para intervenciones en apego dirigidas a la primera infancia. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 13(2), 1051-1063. doi:10.11600/1692715x.13235280514
Salinas-Quiroz, F., Morales-Carmona, F. A., de Castro, F., Juárez-Hernández, M. C., Posada, G., & Carbonell, O. A. (2015). Educación Inicial de Base Segura: Indicador de la calidad educativa para la primera infancia. Psicología Iberoamericana, 23(1), 75-82.
Santelices, M. P., Farkas, C., Montoya, M. F., Galleguillos, F., Carvacho, C., Fernández, A., . . . Himmel, É. (2015). Factores predictivos de sensibilidad materna en infancia temprana. Psicoperspectivas, 14(1), 66-76. doi:10.5027/PSICOPERSPECTIVAS-VOL14-ISSUE-FULLTEXT-441
Schore, A. N. (2017). Modern Attachment Theory. In S. N. Gold (Ed.), APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Vol 1. Foundations in Knowledge (pp. 389-406). American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/0000019-020
Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2016). Attachment Theory within Modern Evolutionary Framework. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Apllications (3 ed., pp. 91 - 116). New York: The Guilford Press.
Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). The Measurement of Attachment Security and Related Constructs in Infancy and Early Childhood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 366 - 396). New York: The Guilford Press.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the Strange Situation. Child Development, 59, 147-156.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinicial Applications (2 ed., pp. 880-905). New York. US: The Guilford Press.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assesing attachment security with the Attachment Q-sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75, 1188-1213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00733.x
Vaughn, B. E., Coppola, G., Verissimo, M., Monteiro, L., Santos, A. J., Posada, G., . . . Korth, B. (2007). The quality of maternal secure-base scripts predicts children´s secure-base behavior at home in three sociocultural groups. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(1), 65-76. doi:10.1177/0165025407073574
Villamarín, G. (2017). Consideraciones culturales sobre la práctica de la Psicología: el caso de la Teoría del Apego. Programa de Maestría en Estudios de la Cultura. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, sede Ecuador.
Waters, E. (1995). Appendix A: The Attachment Q Set. (E. Waters, B. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura, Eds.) Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 234 - 246. doi:10.2307/1166181
Ainsworth, M. D. (1969). Maternal Sensitivity Scales. The Baltimore Longitudinal Project. Recuperado de http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/measures/content/maternal%20sensitivity%20scales.pdf
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978; 2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Bulgay, Suffolk, UK: Taylor & Francis.
Atkinson, L., Niccols, A., Paglia, A., Coolbear, J., Parker, K., Poulton, K., . . . Sitarenios, G. (2000). A Meta-analysis of time between maternal sensitivity and attachment assesments: Implications for internal working models in infancy/toddlerhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17, 791-810. doi:10.1177/0265407500176005
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Attachment, Parenting and Genetics. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 155-179). New York: The Guilford Press.
Bornstein, M. H., Hendricks, C., Haynes, O. M., & Painter, K. M. (2007). Maternal sensitivity and child responsiveness: Associations with social context, maternal characteristics, and chid characteristics in a multivariate analysis. Infancy, 12(2), 189-223. doi:10.111/j.1532-7078.2007.tb00240.x
Bowlby, J. (1969/1998). El Apego y la Pérdida: El Apego (Vol. 1). Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós Ibérica.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss - Vol. 2. Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1988). Una base segura. Buenos Aires: Paidós.
Carbonell, O. A. (2013). Conferencia: La sensibilidad del cuidador y su importancia para promover un cuidado de calidad en la primera infancia. Ciencias Psicológicas, 7(2), 201-207.
Cerezo, M. Á., Pons-Salvador, G., & Trenado, R. (2011). La cualidad del apego infantil y sensibilidad materna desde la perspectiva microsocial. Acción Psicológica, 8(2), 9-25.
Coan, J. A. (2016). Toward a Neuroscience of Attachment. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 242 - 269). New York: The Guilford Press.
De Wolff, M. S., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and Attachment: A Meta-Analysis of Parental Antecedents of Infant Attachment. Child Development, 68(4), 571-591.
Demmers, I., Bernier, A., Tarabulsy, G. M., & Provost, M. A. (2010). Mind-mindedness in adult and adolescent mothers: Relations to maternal sensitivity and infant attachment. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 34(6), 529-537. doi:10.1177/0165025410365802
Guerrero, X. (2013). Estudio del tipo de personalidad de las madres que acuden al Centro Materno Infantil Ambato N° 2 y su relación con el tipo de apego que generan con sus hijos. Trabajo de Grado previo a la obtención del título de Magíster en Psicoterapia Integrativa. Quito, Ecuador: Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ciencias Psicológicas.
Keller, H. (2013). Atacchment and Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(2), 175-194. doi:10.1177/0022022112472253
Lecannelier, F., Kimelman, M., González, L., Núñez, C., & Hoffmann, M. (2008). Evaluación de Patrones de Apego en Infantes durante su Segundo Año en dos Centros de Atención de Santiago de Chile. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, XVII, 197-207.
Marvin, R. S., Britner, P. A., & Russell, B. S. (2016). Normative Development: The Ontogeny of Attachment in Childhood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 273 - 290). New York: The Guilford Press.
Mesman, J., & Emmen, R. A. (2013). Mary Ainsworth's legacy: a sistematic review of observational instruments measuring parental sensitivity. Attachment & Human Development, 15(5-6), 485-506. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.820900
Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2016). Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment: Universal and Contextual Dimensions. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 852-877). New York: The Guilford Press.
Nóblega, M. (2012). Conducta de base segura y sensitividad en niños y madres del Distrito Los Olivos. Tesis para optar el Grado de Doctora en Psicología. Lima, Perú: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Nóblega, M., Bárrig, P., Conde, G., Núñez del Prado, J., Carbonell, O. A., Altmann de Litvan, M., . . . Bauer, M. (2016). Cuidado materno y seguridad del apego antes del primer año de vida. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 245-260.
Orbe, C. (2012). El estilo de apego del niño con la madre como factor de influencia en el proceso de adaptación al medio preescolar. Tesis de Maestría. Quito, Ecuador: Universidad San Francisco de Quito.
Orbe, C. (2015). La Teoría del Apego desde la visión Mente - Cerebro - Educación. Revista PUCE, (100), 237-258.
Pederson, D. R., Bailey, H. N., Tarabulsy, G. M., Bento, S., & Moran, G. (2014). Understanding sensitivity: Lessons learned from the legacy of Mary Ainsworth. Attachment and Human Development, 16(3), 261-270. doi:10.1080/14616734.2013.842753
Posada, G. (2016). Piecing together the sensitivity construct: ethology and cross cultural research. In K. E. Grossman, I. Bretherton, E. Waters, & K. Grossman (Eds.), Maternal Sensitiviy: Mary Ainsworth's Enduring Influence on Attachment Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York, US: Taylor & Francis.
Posada, G., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., & Plata, S. J. (2004). Through Colombian Lenses: Ethnographic and Conventional Analyses of Maternal Care and Their Associations With Secure Base Behavior. Developmental Psychology, 40(4), 508 - 518. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.4.508
Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Carbonell, O. A., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M., & Arenas, A. (1999). Maternal care and attachment security in ordinary contexts. Developmental Psychology, 30(6), 1379 - 1388. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1379
Posada, G., Jacobs, A., Richmond, M., Carbonell, O., Alzate, G., Bustamante, M. R., & Quiceno, J. (2002). Maternal Caregiving and Infant Security in Two Cultures. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 67-78. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.38.1.67
Posada, G., Kaloustian, G., Richmond, M. K., & Moreno, A. (2007). Maternal secure base support and preschoolers' secure base behavior in natural environments. Attachment & Human Development, 9(4), 393 - 411. doi:10.1080/14616730701712316
Posada, G., Trudel, M., Plata, S. J., Peña, P. P., Pérez, J., Tereno, S., . . . Keng-Ling, L. (2013). Is the Secure Base Phenomenon Evident Here, There, and Anywhere? A Cross-Cultural Study of Child Behavior and Experts' Definitions. Child Deveopment, 84(6), 1896-1905. doi:10.1111/cdev.12084
Posada, G., Trumbell, J., Nóblega, M., Plata, S., Peña, P., Carbonell, O., & Lu, T. (2016). Maternal Sensitivity and Child Secure Base Use in Early Childhood: Studies in Differen Cultural Contexts. Child Devolpment, 87(1), 297-311. doi:10.1111/cdev.12454
Posada, G., Waters, E., Crowell, J., & Lay, K. L. (1995). Is it easier to use a secure mother as a secure base? Attachment Q-set correlates of the adult attachment interview. (E. Waters, B. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura, Eds.) Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 133 - 145. doi:10.2307/1166175
Quinn, N., & Mageo, J. M. (2013). Attachment Reconsidered: Cultural Perspectives on a Western Theory. New York: NY Palgrave Macmillan.
Richmond, M., Posada, G., & Jacobs, A. (2001). Maternal behavior and attachment security in 3 year-olds: A naturalistic study. Poster presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Minneapolis, MN.
Salinas-Quiroz, F., & Posada, G. (2015). MBQS: Método de evaluación para intervenciones en apego dirigidas a la primera infancia. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 13(2), 1051-1063. doi:10.11600/1692715x.13235280514
Salinas-Quiroz, F., Morales-Carmona, F. A., de Castro, F., Juárez-Hernández, M. C., Posada, G., & Carbonell, O. A. (2015). Educación Inicial de Base Segura: Indicador de la calidad educativa para la primera infancia. Psicología Iberoamericana, 23(1), 75-82.
Santelices, M. P., Farkas, C., Montoya, M. F., Galleguillos, F., Carvacho, C., Fernández, A., . . . Himmel, É. (2015). Factores predictivos de sensibilidad materna en infancia temprana. Psicoperspectivas, 14(1), 66-76. doi:10.5027/PSICOPERSPECTIVAS-VOL14-ISSUE-FULLTEXT-441
Schore, A. N. (2017). Modern Attachment Theory. In S. N. Gold (Ed.), APA Handbook of Trauma Psychology: Vol 1. Foundations in Knowledge (pp. 389-406). American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/0000019-020
Simpson, J. A., & Belsky, J. (2016). Attachment Theory within Modern Evolutionary Framework. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Apllications (3 ed., pp. 91 - 116). New York: The Guilford Press.
Solomon, J., & George, C. (2016). The Measurement of Attachment Security and Related Constructs in Infancy and Early Childhood. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications (3 ed., pp. 366 - 396). New York: The Guilford Press.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (1988). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: A meta-analysis of the Strange Situation. Child Development, 59, 147-156.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Sagi-Schwartz, A. (2008). Cross-cultural patterns of attachment: Universal and contextual dimensions. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research and Clinicial Applications (2 ed., pp. 880-905). New York. US: The Guilford Press.
van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Vereijken, C. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Riksen-Walraven, J. M. (2004). Assesing attachment security with the Attachment Q-sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development, 75, 1188-1213. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00733.x
Vaughn, B. E., Coppola, G., Verissimo, M., Monteiro, L., Santos, A. J., Posada, G., . . . Korth, B. (2007). The quality of maternal secure-base scripts predicts children´s secure-base behavior at home in three sociocultural groups. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(1), 65-76. doi:10.1177/0165025407073574
Villamarín, G. (2017). Consideraciones culturales sobre la práctica de la Psicología: el caso de la Teoría del Apego. Programa de Maestría en Estudios de la Cultura. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, sede Ecuador.
Waters, E. (1995). Appendix A: The Attachment Q Set. (E. Waters, B. Vaughn, G. Posada, & K. Kondo-Ikemura, Eds.) Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60(2-3), 234 - 246. doi:10.2307/1166181
Published
2018-05-09
How to Cite
Díaz Mosquera, E., Andrade Zúñiga, I., Espinosa Marroquín, E., Nóblega, M., & Núñez del Prado, J. (2018). Sensitive caregiving and attachment security in preschoolers. Ciencias Psicológicas, 12(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.22235/cp.v12i1.1600
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